The Dora
“העלייה באונייה "דורה
The Dora was the only illegal ship (Aliyah Bet) to leave from Northern Europe with Jewish refugees before the war. Described in the press as a "Death Ship", a "wreck practically falling apart", it managed to reach the shores of Palestine despite the British Navy embargo and saved hundreds of lives, including the life of my mother, Toni Katz.
The Dora
Photo: Het Volk, July 14 1939
This page was originally based on Chaya Brasz's article "Dodenschip Dora; Een oude kolenboot redde honderden Joden ondanks Nederlandse tegenwerking" ("The "Death Ship" Dora: the coal ship that saved hundreds of Jews"), which has been condensed and edited for clarity. Additional information was gathered from several books and online articles listed in the reference section; from articles published in the contemporary press and finally, from the recollections of my mother and from organizers and passengers who sailed on the Dora.
Mossad LeAliyah Bet
Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the increasingly harsh anti-Jewish measures in Nazi Germany made the need for Jewish immigration more and more urgent. At the same time, it became increasingly difficult for refugees to obtain visas for any destination. As for Palestine, then under British mandate, Great Britain announced in late 1938 that it would reduce Jewish migration to Palestine to a total of 75,000 over the next 5 years.
In response to the newly enacted restrictions implemented by the British government with its "White Paper", a new branch of the Haganah, Mossad LeAliyah Bet, was created in late 1938, with the goal of organizing illegal immigration to Palestine.
An organization was quickly put in place in several European countries to support this effort, with the center of operations set in Paris. This organization had to raise funds, collect intelligence, acquire (i.e. charter) ships, transform and equip ships to transport large numbers of immigrants: install beds and other necessities, set up sophisticated radio systems, supply them with large quantities of food, water and fuel, hire crews, transport immigrants to ports of departure, arrange sailing permits, all of this while avoiding the suspicion of local authorities and evading detection by the British Navy.
In its first year of operations, Mossad LeAliyah Bet managed to launch 10 ships from Mediterranean and Black Sea ports and bring so-called "illegal" immigrants to the shores of Palestine despite the British embargo.
Several groups provided operational and logistical support through each stage. First were "guides" (madrichim), who accompanied the ships during the crossings. They were young people who had gained sailing experience on rowboats on the River Yarkon, and had to be ready to act as emergency captains whenever problems arose with the official crews, often veteran Greek seamen. One such sailor was Amiram Shochat, who would take part in the voyage of the Dora and was by then already a veteran of these illegal expeditions.
Another group consisted of members of Shai ("Sherut Yediot"), the Haganah Intelligence Service, who gathered information about the British police anti-immigration plans, often from Jews who worked in their offices, and supplied the Mossad with the routes to evade the British.
Another crucial group was the Haganah radio communication wing, with members operating on the ships, at disembarkation points, and at the Haganah center in Tel Aviv. With efficient transmitters and receivers installed on each ship sailing to Palestine, they were able to coordinate between ship and shore, allowing the vessels to receive precise information on British naval movements and dodge the coastal patrols. Temporary communication stations were also set up on the landing beaches to guide the ships.
Lastly, there were the several disembarkation crews who brought the refugees from ships to shore, then helped them fan out to various settlements, while armed groups were on the lookout for the British forces. Several Haganah units were involved in the landings. Disembarkation was handled by Palyam units with seagoing experience.
Generally, the ships approached as close as possible to shore, allowing those who knew how to swim to make their own way to shore. The others were carried in boats or on the backs of helpers. Palmach units guarded the beach, while Gadna (Youth Corps) and HIM (Guard Corps, composed of older Haganah members) patrolled the wider area, and dispersed the immigrants among different Jewish settlements. Since success depended on preventing discovery by the British, great importance was placed on how quickly the immigrants were swallowed up in the settlements. In many cases, the Haganah supplied them with the appropriate identity papers.
The Refugee Situation in the Netherlands
Since Hitler's takeover of power in Germany in 1933, the Netherlands had taken in approximately 15,000 Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria. After Kristallnacht at the end of 1938, the Dutch government allowed 150 chalutzim to enter the country, on condition that they would leave the country within a year. By that time, there were a little over 1,000 young people in Hachshara - agrarian training in preparation for emigration to Palestine - in the Netherlands. Gertrude van Tijn, the head of the Emigration Department of the Committee for Jewish Refugees, reported to the Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, aka JDC) at the end of November that approximately 4,000 legal refugees had entered the Netherlands since Kristallnacht. By February 1939, she estimated that there were 23,000 German-Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, while the government put the number to 30,000.
Two organizations provided support to Jewish refugees from Germany: the Deventer Association ("Vereniging tot Vakopleiding van Palestina Pioniers": "The Association for Professional Training of Palestine Pioneers"), and the Committee for Jewish Refugees. They obtained entrance visas for young refugees, then placed them among Dutch farmers and in the Werkdorp ("work village") Nieuwesluis in Wieringer, Werkdorp Wieringermeer, where they received agricultural and professional training for immigration to Palestine.
Following the sudden influx of German refugees in Holland after Kristallnacht and the decision of the British Government to pressure the Greek Government to halt immigration to Palestine, the Haganah decided to create a new immigration route in Northern Europe. As early as December 1938 or January 1939, they started to discuss the possibility of shipping a group of 300 chalutzim from Holland, 150 from Belgium, and another 100 from France from a North European port.
Several agents of Mossad leAliyah Bet arrived from Palestine to Europe to organize "Operation North" (מבצע הצפון), the clandestine departure of German Jewish refugees from Holland. In charge of the operation was Gideon Rufer (Gideon Raphael), in charge of logistics was Gustav Horn from Kibbutz Hazorea. From the central office of Mossad leAliyah Bet office in Paris, Shmarya Tzameret, a 23 year-old American-born member of Kibbutz Beit Hashita, was tasked with organizing the Dora trip. Other agents involved in the planning of the operation and purchase of the Dora included Ze'ev Shind, Yehuda Berginski, Danny Sheind, Amiram Shochat and Zvi Spector, who would lead the Dora during the trip.
Copenhagen: June - July 1939
Mossad officials, led by Yehuda Berginski, spent several months looking for a suitable ship that could sail from the North Sea, through the Atlantic Ocean and across the Mediterranean up to Palestine with hundreds of passengers.
They eventually found a Greek family willing to embark on the adventure: Pierre and Constantin Atychides, two Greek brothers who had previous smuggling experience during the Spanish Civil War. They would purchase a ship (with Mossad money), equip it and sail it all the way to Palestine.
After lengthy negotiations, Gideon Ruffer and Shmarya Tzameret finally arranged the purchase of the SS Tjaldur in Copenhagen on June 21st, 1939.
The Tjaldur
Built in 1898 in Glasgow under the name VEGA, then renamed Tjaldur in 1904, it was a relatively small steamer (584 gross tons, 199 feet by 30 feet, 11.5 knots) that had previously sailed between the ports of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Originally a passenger ship, it had later been converted into a merchant ship that transported various goods, including cattle. However, it still held a certificate to transport passengers and was deemed suitable for the operation as its mechanics were in good shape.
After the purchase, the ship was renamed the Dora and would sail under Panamanian flag. In Copenhagen, it was outfitted to transport passengers by adding 175 iron bunk beds on multiple levels, life jackets, a second kosher kitchen, lavatories, and showers. On the deck, a wooden room was constructed to accommodate a doctor, a nurse, and a small hospital. The engines were cleaned, and a sophisticated radio system was installed that would help communications with the Haganah headquarters.
During the outfitting the ship, disputes with the crew and tensions between the Dutch and the Palestinians emerged, posing a potential threat to the operation. At a critical juncture, Chaim Weizmann, the Zionist leader, had to intervene and restore peace among the organizers.
In July, following approximately three weeks of renovations and repairs, the Dora was finally ready and departed from Copenhagen, bound for Amsterdam.
Just as the Dora started to move, the captain's son, who was supposed to conduct the voyage on behalf of the ship's owners, tripped and broke his leg, so the Dora had to return to Copenhagen so he could be taken to a hospital. After the delay caused by this mishap, the Dora finally left Copenhagen, passing through the Kiel Canal, which was under Nazi control. .
As the Dora left, Tzameret and Costa took a train to Antwerp to hire additional crew and purchase more lifeboats. On his end, Gideon Rufer announced that the pioneers in Amsterdam were ready to go. Once the Dora arrived in Amsterdam, the plan was to get more coal and food and be ready to leave in a few hours without being noticed.
In a closed meeting of Hechalutz members from the work village of Wieringermeer, seventy-three candidates had learned that they had been selected to leave via illegal aliyah and would sail in nine days. In preparation for their voyage, they had been moved to temporary accommodations in Beverwijk, Assendelft, and Heemskerk, small villages close to Amsterdam, where they were to remain in hiding until their departure.
The trip, first discussed in December 1938, and in planning for half a year, had been delayed for so long that Shmarya Tzameret had to reassure the Dutch Government that the chalutzim would soon leave Holland as planned.
In Antwerp, the situation was worse: 150 people who had crossed the Belgian border illegally had been there for more than six weeks. The police arrested them every day, after which they were released, because they promised they to leave the next day, as soon as the ship would enter the harbor. Around the same time, the Belgian government passed a law to the effect that illegal refugees had to be sent back.
My mother recalled that during her stay in Antwerp, she stayed with a group of young men and women in the apartment of a wealthy Jewish family who were away on vacation for the summer. One day, a neighbor alerted the police of the presence of illegal aliens in the building. The police came and arrested the young men, but unaware that there were four girls on the second floor, didn't find them, and they were not arrested. At the end of each day, the young men would be released against a promise that they would soon leave Belgium. The next day, still there, they would be arrested again. This continued until they finally got ready to board the Dora. The girls, not wanting any more problems with the police, left the house and went back to stay at the Hechalutz house.
David Cohen, the Chairman of the Refugee Committee, was kept in the dark about the plans for the Dora because he was known to disapprove illegal activities. Other members and associates of the Committee however, such as Gertrude van Tijn, were willing to cross the line into illegality, and would provide their help and support throughout the entire duration of the operation. Since funds from the Joint could not be used for "illegal" enterprises, Gertrude's Dutch associates fronted the £3,000 (approximately $240,000 in 2018) needed to cover expenses for the trip.
Amsterdam: July 13 - July 16
The Dora arrived in the Amsterdam harbor on Thursday July 13th. Gideon Rufer went to the shipbroker on the Geldersekade canal to purchase the provisions needed for the trip. He took along with him Flip Cohen, a young Dutch passenger who spoke Hebrew to be his translator.
Uri Kochba (Walter Koch, head of the Hechalutz movement) said:
"I was sent to the bakery, and had them bake special kosher bread that would stay good for a long time. We* ate that onboard until it became moldy. After that, we switched to biscuits."
Note: *the source for the quote must be incorrect. As far as I know, Uri Kochba did not board the Dora. He was arrested in the Netherlands in 1940. However, others have documented that the passengers did survive on biscuits and salty water towards the end of the trip.
This is when he met Amiram Shochat for the first time, one of the three people from the Haganah who had organized the trip of the Dora. Amiram warned him in Hebrew: "Don't talk to anyone in the crew". The Danish crew didn't know about the illegal nature of the trip, and were not supposed to know.
According to Yekutiel Fekete, the crew was composed as follows: The owner and captain of the ship was a 70-year-old Greek who hated the English and claimed "The British Empire will collapse and the English will go back to being fishermen and coal miners. This will be their fate.". Maybe his hatred for the British was part of the reason he agreed to serve on the Dora. The first officer was a younger Greek driven by greed, who had brought his wife on a voyage. The second officer was named Danny, a hardworking man who did all the work and treated us and the immigrants well. The third and fourth officers were Amiram Shochat from Tel Aviv, for whom this was the third voyage, and Zvi Spector from Jerusalem, who was on his first mission. The official wireless was a Spanish exile from the Civil War, while Yekutiel Fekete was the wireless operator in charge of connecting with the Haganah.
Everything seemed to be going well until emissaries from the Refugee Committee came to inspect the ship. Gertrude van Tijn and one of her colleagues from the Committee, Siegfried Kramarsky, a German-Jewish banker residing in the Netherlands who was financing part of the trip, came to satisfy themselves that the Dora was fit for the voyage. Siegfried Kramarsky, along with Salo (Salomon) Jakob Flörsheim - another banker and philanthropist - and a few other members of the Refugee Committee, had paid the 115,000 guilders (approximately $1.1 million in 2018) the trip would cost, and felt responsible for the success and safety of the trip.
They arrived just as coal was being loaded, so the ship was covered in a cloud of soot. They had expected a passenger ship; when they saw the decrepit hulk of the Dora, they were shocked. They questioned aloud whether the Dora was capable of carrying a large number of passengers through the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and to Palestine and considered withdrawing their support, then refused to let the chalutzim board the ship.
The members of the Refugee Committee were mostly wealthy, assimilated Jews who represented the Jewish Community to the government. Their idea of what a ship should look like didn't fit with the reality of illegal immigration. They were also upset by all the delays so far and concerned by the issues these delays would cause with the Dutch Government, as they had given their word that the chalutzim would be leaving without delay. They had some contempt for "Ostjuden", the people who had organized the trip, saying "Ostjuden don't keep their word". They also suspected that the paperwork for the ship might be fakes acquired on the black market, and blamed the Haganah for the poor condition of the ship.
Shmarya Tzameret was astonished by what he heard from these assimilated, law-abiding Jews who, with their haughty attitude, made decisions regarding the chalutzim. In his report to the Mossad LeAliyah Bet, he noted that these people were so removed from the problems of the Jewish people. After the remark about the OstJuden, he only spoke English.
He spoke to Gertrude van Tijn who supported the illegal scheme and whom he saw as a woman of great intelligence, and asked her to try to convince Kramarsky. Tzameret explained to her why the trip had been delayed so many times, told her that the Dora was a solid ship which had passed the inspection by the official authorities, and that the insurance papers were in order. In the end, the Refugee Committee gave in and agreed to let the trip continue.
The Dora in Amsterdam.
Photo: De Telegraph July 15, 1939
Read All About It!
Soon after, new complications arose. The dock workers who had brought the coal aboard the Dora had noticed the bunk beds in the holds, and had alerted the editors of the Communist Party's newspaper about the "scandalous" conditions aboard that "Death Ship". The next day, the Volksdagblad ("the People's Daily") published a long article accusing the Dutch government of forcing Jews to leave in unsafe condition aboard a "wreck of a ship" with "slave trade quarters" sail, which, they were sure, would drown with the hundreds of refugees aboard. Other newspapers started to write about the "Ship of the Dead". In the Amsterdam harbor, photographers aboard small boats circled around the Dora.
The Dutch government's official position was that it knew nothing about the preparations regarding the Dora's departure, and clearly wanted to keep it that way. Feeling overwhelmed with the sudden influx of Jewish refugees from Germany, it was willing to close its eyes on any irregularities to facilitate the removal of at least some of them. Rufer met Hendrik van Boeijen, the Minister of the Interior, who approved the operation and ensured that officials turned a blind eye to what was happening.
As a result of the reports in the press, the harbormaster received the order to inspect the Dora. Shmarya Tzameret met with the harbormaster and revealed the reason for the trip, and after the Dora had gone through a new inspection by the Dutch authorities, the harbormaster gave his authorization to sail, but made a list of minor improvements needed before the Dora could leave.
To Gertrude's relief, Dutch marine inspectors visited the ship and pronounced the Dora seaworthy, on condition that some minor repairs be made and that additional lifeboats be brought aboard in Antwerp.
Since there were only 350 beds and 300 people were supposed to board from Amsterdam, Tzameret told the harbormaster that only 50 more people would be boarding from Antwerp.
The Dutch government declared the following day that they weren't expelling any refugees, and that they would all leave from their own free will. The Communist Volksdagblad nevertheless denounced the apparent collusion between the authorities and the Refugee Committee in sending a "second St Louis" on a "death journey".
With the boat deemed seaworthy by the Amsterdam naval authorities, preparations for embarking the hundreds of chalutzim dispersed over various villages and communities now went under way.
Jacob Oppenheimer, a pioneer with the Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz (Religious Zionist), recalled:
"The Dutch immigration police wanted to get rid of us, but they were afraid of the publicity. The relationship with England wasn't too good, and the British of course didn't want any immigration. So in 1939, all of a sudden we were brought to Heemskerk (15 miles from Amsterdam), where we had to wait for a couple of weeks. Of course, we knew where we were going. On July 14th, I was brought to the house of Dr. Pinkhof in Amsterdam. I was very religious and couldn't travel on Shabbat. His house wasn't far from the harbor, so on Saturday, they came and picked me up and took me straight to the Dora."
"It was a small ship, full of people, but we never felt unsafe on the ship. The only danger we feared would come from the British."
Flip Cohen was with another group of chalutzim in Beverwijk, a town about 15 miles from Amsterdam. He remembered:
On Saturday, I ordered some taxis. We went with the whole group. That evening, I was home for a just little while. My mother said, "Are you leaving today?" We said: "See you in Eretz Israel". I took my backpack and left.
Apart from my younger brother Samuel, I never saw them again. I came back to the Netherlands in 1945 as a soldier with the Jewish Brigade. I found Samuel in the Portuguese Israelite Hospital. He was just back from Bergen Belsen. All the others had been murdered.
Dutch chalutzim dancing the "hora" in the park of the Assumburg Castle in Heemskerk which was then used as a youth hostel, before sailing to Mandate Palestine aboard the Dora, 1939.
Courtesy of The Ghetto Fighters' House Museum, Israel.
The chalutzim were shuttled with busses all day Saturday from their hiding places to the harborside Lloyd hotel, which served as a refugee center, and was surrounded by the police.
Raphael Kochavi wrote:
After finally giving the signal to move, we boarded the buses that were waiting for us at the farm entrances. It was July 15, 1939.
At night, we arrived at the spacious customs hall at the port. Surrounded by Dutch security personnel, all the illegal immigrants gathered together.
Lloyd Hotel, Amsterdam.
Photo: Utrechts Volksblad 18.07.1939
The leaders of the Jewish Refugee Committee and organizers of the trip, including Gertrude van Tijn, Siegfried Kramarsky, Salomon Flörsheim and Ru Cohen came to send off the refugees and wish them good luck. After fiery speeches, a Hatikvah concluded the ceremony.
The Handelskade
Also present were the heads of the immigration police from The Hague and from Amsterdam who had come to control the boarding with 35 civil servants and policemen. All passengers under the age of 21 had to sign a form attesting they were embarking of their own free will. Behind a police cordon, the chalutzim, in groups of ten or twenty, boarded small launches that took them to the Dora, waiting a hundred yards from the quay. .
Kochavi remembers differently: instead of launches, he describes the immigrants boarding the Dora directly from the pier:
In order to go in the belly of the ship, we had to go down a slippery sloping ramp onto a narrow deck. We were instructed in Hebrew to move on to the cargo hold which was illuminated by dim lights.
The Dora in Amsterdam.
"Authorities, shipping inspectors and others go on board for a final inspection before the departure signal."
Photo: Het Volk, July 17, 1939
"In groups of ten or twenty, the refugees go onboard, escorted by policemen."
Photo: Het Volk, July 17, 1939
Passengers boarding The Dora
Photo: Photo: De Sumatra Post, 24 July 1939
"The Dora did not leave until 5 o'clock at night, three hours later than planned. They had been waiting for seven refugees from Enschede who were coming by car and had gotten lost."
These were the seven members of the Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel: Rosa Appel, Elie Daube, Heinemann Gutmann, Issy Hirsch, Saul Lampelz, Bernhard Rosen, Rubin Rottenberg, and Adolf Sanders.
Photo: Het Volk, July 17, 1939
At dusk, the Dora was moved to the Handelskade (the pier). The police cordoned off the pier to keep the press away, but the authorities were afraid that the Communists would come to demonstrate. Everybody knew what was going on, and when a young woman without papers managed to move through the police cordon, they just let her go aboard without any trouble. A high degree of complicity between the authorities and the organizers was evident. As Zvi Spector, the Haganah chief of the operation, was about to board, the commanding officer of the Dutch immigration police raised a glass and proposed three toasts — to Queen Wilhelmina, to the success of the voyage, and to an independent Jewish state.
The Dora in Amsterdam.
"The Dora crew hastened to cover the name of the ship with tarpaulin, apparently to prevent anyone knowing which ship was moving across the IJ through the nocturnal darkness."
Photo: Het Volk July 17, 1939
In the early hours of Sunday, July 16, 1939, the Dora sailed from Amsterdam with about three hundred passengers. Most were Jewish refugees from Germany, including about 75 students from Wieringen. Some were Dutch Zionists who had undergone agricultural training in other Hachsharot. All were adults, mainly young men. One of the forty or so women was in her sixth month of pregnancy.
Gertrude bade an emotional farewell to the passengers and to Tzameret, who was to travel by train to meet the ship in Antwerp. The goodbyes between Tzameret and the Refugee Committee on the other hand were not particularly cordial. Kramarsky announced that he planned to go to Antwerp to ensure that the lifeboats requested by the Amsterdam harbormaster were brought on board, and that too many passengers wouldn't go aboard. Tzameret and Rufer tried to tell him this wasn't necessary, but to no avail.
Antwerp: July 17
The Dora in Antwerp.
Photo: Het Handelsblad, 18 July 1939.
The Dora arrived in Antwerp on July 17th. Shmarya Tzameret wrote in his report: "I spoke to a high-level Dutch civil servant who said that he wasn't interested in the plans of the Haganah, and that the only concern of the government was that the ship would disappear with the refugees as soon as possible." Tzameret had ordered that the passengers from Antwerp should board the Dora as soon as possible, but didn't tell Kramarsky, and continued the negotiations with people from the Refugee Committee. When Kramarsky arrived in Antwerp, he was furious to find out that a hundred and fifty people planned to board the ship, instead of the fifty that had been previously agreed upon. He again threatened to withdraw financial support.
Kramarsky later met with Tzameret in Antwerp, and angrily argued with him about the condition of the Dora and that there weren't enough beds onboard. Tzameret explained that beds were put side to side, two by two, so they could fit three people. He added that the refugees who were in Belgium illegally had no other option but to board the ship and leave under any conditions: otherwise, they would be sent back to concentration camps in Germany. But the Refugee Committee had given its word to the Dutch government that no more than fifty additional people would board the Dora, and threatened to take 100 chalutzim off in Antwerp and send them back to the Netherlands. Shmarya Tzameret, to Kramarsky's fury, boarded all 170 new passengers regardless.
Bunk beds in an Aliyah Bet ship. (Postcard, 1973-1974)
No photos of the sleeping quarters of the Dora exist. In the early 1970's, our family visited the Ha'apala museum in Haifa and my mother said this installation and the bunk beds looked just like what it was like in the Dora.
Postcard from
Siegfried Kramarsky went to the harbormaster and demanded that one hundred people be taken off the ship. The harbormaster, a devout Christian who saw the return of the Jewish people to the Promised Land as a Biblical fulfillment, became a spokesman for the chalutzim. He told Kramarsky not to worry, that it wasn't such an imposition if the refugees suffered a little for a couple of weeks if it meant that they would reach the coast of the Promised Land. Kramarsky then threatened to call the Dutch Government and ask them to take diplomatic action. This angered the harbormaster who refused to talk to the Dutchman any further. As last resort, Kramarsky went to the ship and tried to convince the chalutzim to not go on the trip, but the passengers explained that they were happy with the situation on the ship, so he finally gave up and drove away, seething.
My mother recalled seeing the Dora for the first time: When the chalutzim in her group saw the Dora in the Antwerp harbor, they said the ship was too small for so many people, and not suitable for such a long trip. She replied ("naive as I was" she said in retrospect): "Of course! This is just a small boat which will take us to the real ship, which must be somewhere on the high seas. They don't want to bring the real ship in the harbor because it would give it away..." But she was wrong. That "little boat" was in fact the very ship that would take her and about 480 others to Palestine.
In the meantime, unannounced, the Belgian Security Agency had sent a tugboat which started to move the Dora to Vlissingen, and the Dora left Antwerp on July 17th.
Vlissingen: July 18 - July 19
The Dora was now moored on the waterways of Vlissingen, where it remained for two days.
The Dora, anchored off the waterways of Vlissingen. Originally published on 19 July 1939 in De Maasbode Van Woensdag.
New problems arose: Kosta was demanding more money for the trip, one of the engine mechanics had missed the ship, and a newly hired Belgian radio operator didn't show up after having found what the actual goal of the trip was.
In the meantime, the Haganah in Paris decided that the Dora would not pick up the hundred refugees in Le Havre in France after all because there had already been too many delays, putting the entire expedition at risk. Yekutiel Fekete mentions in his recollections of the trip another reason: the ship was already full and there was no room for any more passengers.
Kosta and Tzameret found a new radio operator, a Spanish Communist who used to smuggle weapons to Spain during the Civil War and was now stranded in Antwerp without papers after his ship had left without him. Kosta, the Spaniard and the mechanics took a taxi to Vlissingen, but were turned away: the Greek didn't have a visa, and the Spaniard didn't have a passport. The four of them would have to leave Antwerp the next morning on a motorboat for Vlissingen.
It was now July 18th and Tzameret wanted the Dora to leave as soon as possible. He was concerned that the Dutch press in Vlissingen and the Refugee Committee would find out that the Dora was back in Dutch waters, and that the Dutch government might decide under public pressure to prevent the departure because there were too many people aboard.
At 5 a.m., Tzameret observed the Dora from the Vlissingen dike through his binoculars. There were fishermen and a little boy on the dike. The kid said: "You see the ship? That's a 'death ship', a ship full of Jewish refugees from Germany that will sink, for sure." It was as if everybody in the Netherlands knew about the Dora, even the children.
Meanwhile, more articles appeared in the local press about the "mysterious refugee ship". While the Dora was anchored off the coast of Vlissingen, a journalist from the Daily Herald had come aboard. He wrote that the passengers slept on the deck on straw mats, and had told him they were going to Bangkok, or Siam. The news drew the attention of the British government, and the British representative Nevile Bland made inquiries at the Foreign office in the Netherlands, pointing out that immigration to Palestine was illegal. The Foreign Office responded that the ship had given as its destination Siam, and that they weren't aware of any another destination.
The Algemeen Handelsblad reported the departure of the Dora with 500 Jewish passengers. The destination of the ship was said to be Bangkok, yet the reporter didn't seem to believe that this was the real destination.
The article described the accommodations for the passengers:
"The passengers were hanging over the railing, talking to each other, and others were busy working. However, no answer was given to the questions we asked. The whole thing made a rather sad impression."
"As there seemed to be no room for all passengers, many had to be satisfied with a berth in the straw on the fore or afterdeck. Large sails were stretched over these decks."
The same day, the Haagsche Courant wrote:
"Little credence is given to the claim that the ship will go to Siam, and a veil of mystery surrounds the ship."
Surprisingly, despite the secret nature of the Dora's voyage, a reporter from the Haagsche Courant was allowed onboard. He wrote:
"The crew was busy trying the lifeboats with the assistance from the passengers. However, it was very primitive and it took a lot of time and effort to lower a boat, and the boat was not even manned. Moreover, the unpainted lifeboats don’t give a reassuring impression."
What the reporter probably witnessed was the passengers practicing lowering the lifeboats to disembark on the shores of Palestine. Since the Dora would land not in a harbor but on a beach, the passengers would have to transfer to the lifeboats to reach the land.
Illegal immigrants, members of the Hechalutz aboard a lifeboat. August 1939
Photo: Shimon Mahler, 1939 (c) The Ghetto Fighters' House Museum.
Illegal immigrants, members of the Hechalutz aboard a lifeboat. August 1939.
Photo: Shimon Mahler, 1939 (c) The Ghetto Fighters' House Museum.
Lifeboat
Photo: Het Volk, 14 July 1939
The Dora with one of its four lifeboats.
Photo: Het Volk, 14 July 1939
The Dora with one of its four lifeboats
Photo: De Telegraaf, 19 July 1939
Cows on the deck of the Dora?!
The most surprising fact mentioned in this article is the presence of cattle on the Dora:
"On the front and back decks, the Jewish refugees sat under large sails. On the forepart were some cows, next to which men and women lived in the straw."
The same information was also picked up in "The Scotsman" on July 19: "From the shore hundreds of men and women, and also cattle, could be seen on deck".
The same day, the Volksdagblad (the Communist People's Daily) wrote that the ship was not seaworthy and that the government of the Netherlands should grant the refugees asylum. The journalist believed that the Dora was anchored in Vlissingen because of the rough weather from the previous days - confirmation, according to him, that the Dora was ill-equipped to take to the sea. With a dramatic tone, he predicted that once the "wreck" of the Dora moved into the open sea, it would turn into a real "death ship", wandering from port to port, without a final destination. Insisting that the Dora was too small to accommodate 420 passengers - for proof the dozens of refugees forced to sleep on deck on straw - the article ended with a call to action:
"The public opinion in the country must be shaken... It is a shame that this ship left the Netherlands. The only solution is: right of asylum in the Netherlands... or the clear guarantee that these unfortunates can find accommodation in another country..."
Another newspaper, the Zaans Volksblad, declared that "the veil of mystery around the refugee ship 'Dora' is getting thicker", and suspected that the ship might be waiting for more clement weather before taking to the sea. It added that the passengers, who were not allowed to disembark, were lying on straw on the deck, because "on a ship of such dimensions, it is not possible to properly accommodate 400 people".
It added that "In the afternoon there was a boat drill on deck, which is somewhat comical, taking into account how absolutely inadequate the rescue material is. The women were washing and trying to create some order in the chaos on board, by sweeping and removing the worst dirt."
After having spent almost two days anchored in Vlissingen for no apparent reason, the Utrechts Volksblad explained that the delay had been caused by the captain waiting for the arrival of a crew member whom he could not miss and who could only get on board today. What that journalist saw from the shore with binoculars was "not an encouraging spectacle", and that "the hundreds [...] now on this ship, are compressed on a much too small space."
Following the reports in the press, Louis de Visser, Chairman of the House of Commons and a member of the Communist Party, raised questions at the end of July for Prof. Gerbrandy, the Minister of Justice. He asked him if he had forced the Jewish Committee to take such action, argued that the refugees shouldn't leave if they couldn't secure a destination, and that they should be allowed back to the Netherlands if needed. Minister Gerbrandy denied having had any knowledge of the Dora. In the meantime, the government representative for refugees, B.G.A. (Bernardus Gerhardus Albertus) Smeets, unhappy about the conditions on the Dora, sent a letter to the Justice Ministry, dated July 22, 1939, in which he accused the Jewish Committee of "irresponsible behavior":
"What I understand makes me ask if the government shouldn't have just prevented the ship from leaving. It was too crowded. Refugees are sleeping under sails on the upper deck, on straw. One storm and they will be gone. There isn't enough safety equipment, four little boats for 20 people each. In Amsterdam the ship was already overloaded, and in Antwerp another 100 refugees were added. [...] You should realize that illegal immigration with ships has already been causing much trouble everywhere. Ships that aren't allowed into harbors, that are at sea for months, that have the plague on board - for example the odyssey with the St Louis, which was actually a comfortable ship, while the Dora..."
On July 20th, in London, the "Daily Herald" published an article with two photos of the Dora. The Herald's reporter described having gone on board the Dora and reported:
"... Her holds packed with human cargo, she was a passenger ship carrying 500 Jewish refugees to a destination that nobody seems to know... The Greek captain was silent about the ships' destination. He said he had "sealed orders".
The harbormaster said "We accept no responsibility for that ramshackle ship. She got her certificate of seaworthiness in Amsterdam - so good luck to her."
Here is what he saw:
"The Dora has two lifeboats on each side, each capable of taking 15 passengers. Should she meet disaster, the poor state the lifeboats are in leaves little hope of even 60 escaping in them. It would not take a hurricane to sink the Dora either. Her portholes are only secured with old rubber bands."
None of the passengers seems to mind the dangers and discomforts. "What does it matter," one of them said to me, "as long as we find freedom again?" If the land to which they are going refuses to take them, they will have to return to their port of embarkation."
"Where are we going to?" somebody answered when I questioned him. "To Siam." "To Bangkok." said another.
Passengers later recalled the lack of space on the Dora. My mother said that they had slept on wooden planks, three people lying head to foot, with about 30cm (12") per person, while Gershon Jonas remembered that "the ship was very crowded, we slept on the floor."
On the way to Palestine: July 19 - August 12
On Wednesday, July 19, at around 11:15 a.m., the Dora left Vlissingen and at long last began its voyage to Palestine. According to Gertrude van Tijn, the ship was "overloaded, ill-equipped, not very well provisioned", but was finally on its way, starting its four-week voyage across the English Channel, the Atlantic and then the Mediterranean, where it would have to avoid the British blockade to unload its human cargo on the shores of Palestine.
The ship was manned by a multinational crew, composed mainly of Greeks and Danes. Officially, the chief captain was the elder Arteshides, however the officer who would in fact in charge during this voyage was a Danish captain. The rest of the crew was from France, Algeria, as well as one Jewish immigrant from Russia who was a waiter in the officers' dinning room. The radio operator was a Spaniard, and the doctor on board from among the passengers turned out to be a morphine addict.
Three Haganah members went along: the ship manager, Tzvi Spector (23), the emergency captain, Amiram Shohat (23), and in charge of the radio connection with the Haganah HQ, Yekutiel Fekete (24).
The passsengers were organized according to their group affiliations, with leaders for each group.
According to Regina Merkel, there were two kitchens: one kosher and one non-kosher.
The following day, the Dora was spotted sailing past the Isle of Wight in the English Channel, as reported by the "Lloyds List and Shipping Gazette".
The Dora then entered the Atlantic Ocean and sailed southward, towards the Gulf of Biscay. A region known for rough seas, fierce weather and high waves, the Dora experienced violent storms during which many of its passengers became sea-sick.
The Dora continued, maintaining eye contact with the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Raphael Kochavi recalled "At night, Lisbon lights twinkled in the distance". Around that time, he also remembered sighting a ship flying the swastika flag.
On July 29th, the Dora entered the Mediterranean Sea and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar. The Lloyd observation station, tasked with watching Gibraltar, reported its entry to the Palestine C.I.D (Criminal Investigation Department) and the British ordered the ship to identify itself. At the first signs of danger, the Greek Captain would send the refugees below deck into the hold of the ship, lest they be seen by British lookouts. The Greek declared it was a Panamanian ship on its way to Siam. The British accepted this explanation because ships with illegal immigrants never came through the Strait of Gibraltar, instead came from the French Riviera, the Italian Coast, or the Coast of the Black Adriatic Sea.
The Dora then passed along the shores of Algiers and Tunisia which, as Yekutiel Fekete recalled, "shone in full magic under the full moon", then sailed on from there between Sicily and Malta, and on towards the island of Crete.
The Dora then went past the Suez Canal, and sailed on towards Turkey.
Turkey
Yekutiel Fekete wrote:
"The journey is getting longer. The wireless connection to Eretz Israel has not yet been established. There is a shortage of food and water. It's hot, very hot. It's impossible to stay in the belly of the ship and everyone is huddled on the decks and sleeps there. Impossible. No patience. The shortage of water and food is worsening. The decision was made to anchor in a small port on the coast of Turkey and stock up on water and food. Coal is also needed, but not available."
Gershon Jonas: "There was a leak in the water pipes and no more food. [...] At one point, we drank only boiled salt water mixed with tea and ate only biscuits."
The Dora reached the southern coast of Turkey. It was now full moon, which made a secret landing in Palestine impossible anyway. The Dora radioed the Haganah in Palestine, and the crew was ordered to drop anchor off the Turkish coast at Finike* and wait until the new moon. (* Others mention Antalya; Hillel Yarkoni mentions the port of Mersin. Maybe the Dora made several stops in Turkey.)
Hillel Yarknoni wrote: "The ship entered the port of Mersin in Turkey to get some supplies, mainly water and food."
The Dora would spend approximately one week in Turkey, waiting for the appropriate conditions to attempt the final leg of the trip. The Turkish police paid a visit to the Dora and declared that passengers were not allowed to disembark. Hillel Yarkoni wrote: "Under the threat of guns, none of the people onboard were permitted to leave the ship.".
My mother recalled that the local Jewish community asked them to let some men come ashore, so they could have a minyan, but the group leaders refused to let anyone get off the boat.
The police did allow a boat to bring drinking water and watermelons to the Dora. Fekete recalled: "Food, water and especially plenty of watermelons were purchased".
My mother recalled that one day, locals brought water and watermelons on small boats. She noticed them standing with their bare feet in the water being distributed to the ship, so she stayed away from it. She recalled that they had been drinking slightly salty water for the entire trip, so everyone rushed to drink the fresh water. Later, those who had drunk the water all got sick. My mother, on the other hand, had eaten so much watermelon that she declared she could never have it again after.
The exact sequence of the next events is somewhat confusing as recollections about the final part of the trip vary.
According to Yekutiel Fekete, the ship then left Turkey and sailed for a day or two. As the Dora left the bay, it crossed path with the Tiger Hill, another illegal immigrant ship carrying over 1400 refugees:
"The illegal immigrants on board both ships are huddled on the side facing the other ship. The ships lean sideways at a dangerous angle, passing next to each other. A spontaneous rendition of the 'Hatikvah' bursts from the mouths of the immigrants."
According to Yekutiel Fekete, the original plan had been to use a smaller ship to bring the passengers to the shore while the Dora would safely return to the high sea, reducing the risk of the expensive ship being captured by the British. By now, the wireless connection with the Haganah had been established and brought the news that the small ship was not available after all. The Haganah crew on board discussed with the shipowner how to proceed with a direct landing of the illegal immigrants to shore, when and where to sail to arrive on a dark night without a moon, while waiting for instructions from the Haganah.
Rebellion on the Dora
Soon after the Dora resumed sailing, a rebellion broke out and the Dora stopped moving. The sailors, armed with kitchen knives, demanded additional payment, because the trip taken longer than the two weeks originally agreed upon. In addition, the new plan calling for the Dora to land the passengers directly on the coast meant added risk of being seized by the British and extended the duration of the voyage even further.
The rebellion ended quickly, although explanation on how it was resolved varies. According to Yekutiel Fekete, negotiations and passengers collecting money resolved the issue. Hillel Yarkoni simply noted that "the Danish captain's calm helped restore order", without mentioning money changing hands, while my mother remembered that a show of force on the part of the Haganah had put an end to the rebellion.
Gershon Jonas: "In Turkey, the Greek Captain got cold feet. He thought the British would capture his ship, or that he would be arrested. We had been at sea for two weeks, and another week in Turkey when the Greek sailors said, 'We only got paid for two weeks, and we’ve been three weeks on the way. We won't continue until we get more money.' Four hundred dollars was collected from the Jewish passengers."
My mother remembered the rebellion being brief. She recalled that a few Haganah men had walked around with their guns showing, and that it had been enough to end the rebellion and restore calm within the crew. She didn't mention money having been collected by passengers. In her case, anyway, she would have had nothing to contribute, having left Germany with "nothing more than a backpack with a blanket and a pair of shoes".
Just to be safe, the first captain, who had joined the rebellion, was locked up with his wife for the rest of the trip.
Finally, on August 11, 1939, the Dora received the signal that the coast was clear and that they could attempt to land. To evade detection and look inconspicuous like any dilapidated cargo ship, all passengers were sent down to the belly of the ship and the deck portholes closed.
Soon after, a new danger arose. About 80 kilometers south of Cyprus, an aircraft carrier accompanied by destroyers appeared. A destroyer approached the Dora, illuminating it with its spotlights. Asked to identify itself and its destination, the Dora replied it was just a regular cargo ship headed to a Lebanese port.
Others described the event differently: "A British warship appeared 300 meters away, but the warship left soon after without having detected the Dora. Looking southward in the darkness of the night, the olim could see the lights from Tel Aviv, while the searchlights of the police boat almost touched the ship. Everyone on board was quiet."
The Landing - August 12th
The following day the Dora finally arrived near Eretz Israel. Sailing in the evening along the coast, it adjusted its speed to reach the designated landing beach by nightfall.
The landing had been set to take place on the beach of Shefayim, a kibbutz about 15 kms north of Tel Aviv. The location had been chosen for being both approachable, close to a Jewish settlement and far from British military and police installations.
The Haganah was in charge of disembarkation, and the man responsible on behalf of the Mossad was David (Davidka) Nameri, a kibbutznik from Ashdot Ya'akov.
Mordechai Naor describes the landing of another ship, the Poseidon, in 1938. I assume the process was similar for the landing of the Dora and helps convey how much effort and coordination was required to ensure the success of the final phase of the trip:
On the shore, several groups from the Haganah were gathered to assist with the landing of the passengers:
Teams of rowers to transfer the immigrants to shore;
A "water-team" - to assist them from the boats to the beach;
Guides - to bring them to a rendezvous;
A communication team between the shore and the Haganah center in Tel Aviv;
A group to transport the immigrants to the different settlements, and
A first aid unit.In addition, there also was an armed patrol, illegally armed, to warn of any police activity and prevent it, if necessary.
All night long its passengers were brought ashore and quickly dispersed to adjacent settlements.
Mordechai Naor later details the disembarking of the Artemisia, a small (less than 100 passengers) early illegal vessel (1937). Again, I assume a similar procedure was in place for the Dora, although at a larger scale.
That entire day was taken up with meticulous last-minute preparations for debarkation. The passengers were split up into groups of ten, each group having as its leader one of its members. Men were placed alongside the ladders to supervise the descent. Lifebelts were assembled in one spot in the event there might be a need for them. The boats were checked last of all. Everything was ready for a smooth debarkation. A few hours remained until nightfall, so the ship kept at a safe distance from the shore. Only after it became dark, and the prearranged signals were visible, did the ship drop anchor at a distance of 200 yards from the beach.
The first boat was (sent) to assay the situation on shore and return with rowers. The six best swimmers from among the pioneers were equipped with lifebelts and lowered into the boat, then pulled for shore. After twenty minutes the boat returned with the rowers in it, and it was full speed ahead with debarkation. The immigrants were ferried to shore, group by group, according to the prearranged schedule. After two hours the last boat returned and the crew members took their posts without delay. The anchor was lifted and the ship sailed away.
The Dora dropped anchor and a boat was sent from the ship to the shore. (According to another source: "First, Tzvi Spector swam to the shore to make sure the path was clear.") The boat returned with members of the naval unit of the Haganah. They got on the ship, all the boats were lowered and, group by group, the transfer of the illegal immigrants began.
The immigrants climbed down using rope ladders and got into small boats, with the young men from naval unit of the Haganah rowing them to land, then bringing the boats back to the Dora for the next group. As they got close to the beach, the refugees jumped from the boats into the water and walked the last few tens of meters in the shallow water, to the soft sand.
Yoel Golomb, took part in the landing of the Dora and helped the immigrants come ashore. He recalled:
"During the month of September*, a ship with Olim came into shore, and we brought the Olim to Shefayim at night, in complete secrecy. That was an unforgettable experience. We unloaded the Olim, men, women, and children who climbed down the side of the ship on rope ladders. We then brought them into shore. This seemed like a simple operation but [...] we were informed that a British naval vessel had been sighted and was approaching; we managed to get all the lifeboats back onto the deck, except one which we tied to the ship. The ship was named Dora and [...] came from Holland. The ship turned and headed back to Europe, and we swam to shore. [...] A message was received from the Dora sometime afterwards, saying that it was neither captured nor detained."
*Note: actually August.
Gershon Jonas: "We jumped in the water, the children were taken by boat, and we got to the shore. Haganah soldiers were on land with rifles... I had never seen that before!"
My mother said she jumped in the water - I assume from one of the rowboats, and I assume carrying her backpack. On the beach they were met by a group who gave them clothes and new ids in case the British police arrived. From there they were taken to the kibbutzim where they would spend the beginning of their new lives in Israel.
Yekutiel Fekete described the "exemplary" organization on the shore to manage the landing and dispersal of the passengers of the Dora:
On the beach there is a field phone connected to one of the houses where a wireless transmitter is set up to maintain contact with the ship. The members of the naval company take care of transporting the immigrants from the ship to the shore. Groups of guards are blocking a section of the beach to delay the possible arrival of the British police. Some men have flooded dirt roads so that cars cannot pass, others are responsible for the rapid dispersal of groups in the surrounding communities.
At the same moment, in Tel Aviv, the head of Mossad leAliyah Bet and Golda Meir followed the arrival of the Dora. Francine Klagsbrun:
"Shaul Avigur, the head of Mossad leAliyah Bet, and a co-worker slipped into Golda Meir’s apartment on Hayarkon Street. [...] He had decided to monitor the landing of the Dora from the shortwave radio center in the Meyerson (Meir) apartment.
When the Dora reached its destination, the commander on the ground, David Nameri, signaled its arrival. The signals were relayed to the wireless in the Meyerson apartment, where Avigur could receive and send coded messages to the ship. In one heart-stopping moment for everyone in the flat, a British police boat with searchlights ablaze almost spotted the immigrant ship as it neared the coast, but the ship stayed hidden in the blackness of the night. When all seemed safe, it dropped off its passengers, who silently made their way on foot to Kfar Shmaryahu, a nearby agricultural village. The captain lifted anchor and sailed westward into the dark, to begin another mission. "In the early morning hours," Avigur reported years later, "we said goodnight to our hosts, Golda Meir and Leah Biskin, and went about our business."
My mother wondered how they had managed to land without being detected, and if the British authorities had been bribed to look the other way. She said that the British soldiers found the Dora in the morning, and that it was the last trip the ship made. Actually the Dora was not found by the British, and it sailed away, although it indeed never ran another voyage to Palestine.
There is a discrepancy between what Gershon Jonas and my mother recalled on the one hand ("The Dora was found in the morning"), and what Yoel Golomb and others (the source for Francine Klagsbrun) describe on the other hand ("The Dora sailed away"). Since the new immigrants were spirited away before dawn, it is likely that what they both "remembered" was actually something they were told afterwards, maybe in the kibbutz. It's possible also that what *was* found in the morning was the one rowing boat that hadn't been brought back to the deck.
Gershon Jonas: "The Jewish settlements surrounding the ship’s landing area had a festival; they invited the British and got them drunk. Just an empty ship left on shore the next morning was what the British patrol encountered the next morning."
Brach Habas mentions (p.89) that Shai, the Haganah's secret information service, "staged criminal decoy operations in settlements in the coastal area, drawing the police away from the vicinity of debarking immigrants. They obtained advance information concerning patrol-boat movements and were able to intercept messages sent by British spies to the roving patrols. These instructions, as well as the orders given the border police and the lookout towers, greatly facilitated debarkation proceedings. Shai agents kept close track of the wireless communications betwen the lookout towers and the roving patrols. The young men even knew the signals intended for police airplanes and warships."
Yoel Golomb: "The rope that tied the (row)boat to the ship broke and the boat was 'lost at sea'. Davidka Nameri [...] chose me and another fellow to go out looking for the missing boat. [...] We could see the boat far out in the water. I swam out and [...] I managed to get it back to shore, and we buried it in the sand."
At 2 a.m., the Dora announced that everybody had unboarded. The Haganah telegraphed Uri Kochba that "the delivery was successful and the mother is healthy". Back in the Netherlands,Gertrude van Tijn was notified by telegraph of the successful landing. She passed the message on to minister Van Boeijen, who could finally breathe a sigh of relief: the Netherlands had gotten rid of 300 refugees without damaging its relationship with Great Britain, and it hadn't cost the treasury a penny.
After landing, the new immigrants were first concentrated in Kfar Shemariahu, and were later distributed in various absorption centers.
One on the immigrants, Gina Elsoffer, recalled receiving a fake ID card to help her blend into ther new environment. Likewise, my mother had mentioned being given feake ID papers - although I always understood that this had happened upon her landing on the beach,
Yekutiel Feteke got off the Dora and was replaced by another wireless operator, Shlomo Lavi. Zvi Spector too got off the ship, replaced by Amiram Shochat. The ship then went out to sea and sailed west. At first, the ship had been intended to bring the members of the Zionist Congress from Marseilles to Israel. Then the plan was changed and the ship sailed to Algeria. There, the defense personnel got out of it and returned to Israel.
Three weeks later, Germany invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War Two, and with it the wholesale destruction of Jewish life in Europe.
According to the agreement with the Arteshides brothers, the Dora was supposed to do a second trip, but this agreement was not honored. Only after legal battle some of the money that had been paid in advance to the Greek family was paid back.
The Dora was later captured by the Germans and was at their service between 1941-1942. On December 21st 1942, it was sunken by a British warship near the Djerba harbor in Tunis.
The Dora in the News
Although it was supposed to be kept secret, the departure of the Dora was widely reported in the Dutch, Belgian and British press, and it's a wonder that this unwelcome scrutiny didn't lead to the interception of the Dora by the British Navy.
Between July 14 and August 28, no less than 100 articles and dispatches about the Dora appeared in the press in the Netherlands, including several front-page stories. . In Belgium, more than 40 articles appeared in July. The British press also reported on the departure of the Dora, with at least eight articles, with more mentions appearing in France and as far as Melbourne, Australia. Finally, the Jewish press published dispatches in Palestine and in the USA.
Nottingham Evening Post. July 17, 1939.
The Scotsman. July 19, 1939.
"From the shore hundreds of men and women, and also cattle, could be seen on deck".
Daily Herald. July 20, 1939.
The Belfast NewsLetter. July 21, 1939.
"Jewish refugees face a new future - Departed from Amsterdam with a Panamean coal ship."
De Sumatra Post, July 24, 1939.
Dramatis Personae
Transporting 480 refugees from Northern Europe to Palestine on the eve of WW2 and bringing them safely to the coast of Palestine despite the British blockade required complex planning, difficult negotiations, and the covert coordination of hundreds of refugees spread over multiple hiding places over two countries. The Dora would not have succeeded in reaching the shores of Palestine without the work and dedication of the many people involved.
Here is a list of some of the key people who, with their courage, skills, and generosity, helped save the lives of almost 500 refugees on the eve of WW2.
This section is in memory of the people who made it happen and who deserve our thanks as descendants of the passengers of the Dora.
| Name | Hebrew Name | Notes |
Tzvi Spector
|
צבי ספקטור |
Ship manager on the Dora, age: 23. Tzvi Spector was born in Jerusalem in 1916. The Dora was his first mission with Aliyah Bet. In 1941 Tzvi Spector became a founding member of the Palmach. He disappeared at sea on May 18, 1941, during the first mission carried out by the Palmach as part of the cooperation between the Jewish Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine and the British during World War II ("Operation Boatswain", also known as "The 23 Who Went Down at Sea"). Twenty-three volunteers from the Palmach took part and boarded a British boat with explosives. The mission was to blow up oil refineries in Tripoli, Lebanon, then under Vichy rule, in a bid to deny fuel to Wehrmacht planes and thwart Axis operations in the region. All twenty-three members of the operation vanished before reaching their destination, possibly due to an explosion of unknown origin. Tzvi Spector was the commander of that operation and was 24 years old. Another volunteer among the twenty-three who died in that operation was Amiram Shochat, the emergency captain of the Dora. Sources: |
Amiram Shochat
|
עמירם שוחט |
Emergency Captain on the Dora, age: 23. Born in 1915 in Tel Aviv-Yafo. By the time of the Dora, Amiram Shochat was already a veteran of Mossad leAliyah Bet. He had first served as guide on the Artemisia in 1937, when his job had consisted of appraising the ship, examining its engine, sleeping accommodations, food-storage facilities, etc. Amiram Shochat disappeared at sea on May 18, 1941, during the first mission carried out by the Palmach as part of the cooperation between the Jewish Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine and the British during World War II ("Operation Boatswain", also known as "The 23 Who Went Down at Sea"). Twenty-three volunteers from the Palmach took part and boarded a British boat with explosives. The mission was to blow up oil refineries in Tripoli, Lebanon, then under Vichy rule, in a bid to deny fuel to Wehrmacht planes and thwart Axis operations in the region. All twenty-three members of the operation vanished before reaching their destination, possibly due to an explosion of unknown origin. Amiram Shochat was 26 years old. The commander of that operation was Tzvi Spector, the manager of the Dora. An illegal ship was named in his honor in 1946. Sources: |
Gideon Rufer
|
גדעון רפאל (ג'ר)
Gideon Raphael |
Led the planning of the Dora voyage with the help of Shmarya Tzameret. Age: 26. German-born Gideon Rufer, later known as Gideon Raphael (גדעון רפאל). In 1933, when the Nazis rose to power in Germany, he escaped to France, where he studied at an agricultural school in Toulouse. In 1934, he made aliyah to Eretz Israel, where he was one of the founders of Kibbutz Hazorea. Rafael joined the Haganah, and was a commander during the 1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine. He was later sent to Europe on missions to help illegally smuggle European Jews into Palestine in defiance of British immigration restrictions. Regarding his role with the Dora, Yoram (Paul) Nussbaum said:
In 1940, he was sent to Rhodes by the Haganah to negotiate with a representative of Adolf Eichmann for the transfer of 40,000 German Jews to Palestine, but the plan fell apart. During World War II, he enlisted in the British Army, and fought in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign. After being discharged in 1943, he began working for the Jewish Agency. He worked in intelligence, as a liaison with Allied forces and Jewish populations in Europe. In 1945, he assisted in preparing the Jewish case for the Nuremberg Trials. He also directed efforts to recover lost Jewish property in Europe and participated in rescue effort in Italy after the end of WW2. Upon Israeli independence in 1948, he was one of three founding members of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, and served as an aide to Moshe Sharett. He later became an adviser to the Israeli delegation at the United Nations. From 1953 to 1957, he was in charge of United Nations and Middle Eastern affairs at the Israeli Foreign Ministry. He conducted secret negotiations with Arab officials, and maintained these secret contacts into the 1970s. In 1957, he was appointed Israel's ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg, and permanent observer in European and UN institutions in Geneva. He served in these positions until 1960. In 1967, he became Israeli ambassador to the UN, and was serving in this position during the Six-Day War. In 1968, he returned to Israel, and was Director-General of the Foreign Ministry until 1972. In 1973, he was appointed Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, and served in this position until 1977, when he returned to Israel and retired from the Foreign Ministry in 1978. He subsequently published a book about his career. He died in Jerusalem in 1999. Sources: |
Shmarya Tzameret (Tsameret)
|
שמרי צמרת (אורי זהבי) |
Oversaw the purchase of the Dora and all operational details up to the departure of the Dora, along with Gideon Rufer. Age: 28. Born in 1910 in Cleveland, USA, the eldest son of Jewish Russian immigrants, Tzameret made Aliyah on his own as 15 year-old after his father's death. One of the founders of Kibbutz Bet Hashita in 1936, he joined Mossad leAliyah Bet in 1939 and operated from the central office in Paris. In 1940, Tzameret took part in failed negotiations with Eichmann to try to let a large number of Jews immigrate from Germany. (Bracha Habas, p 128). After the war, he was sent to Europe to resume his activities organizing illegal immigration of Jewish survivors (Bricha), first from Italy then from Marseille. From 1945 to 1947, he served as commander of the Marseille station. As part of his activities with Mossad LeAliyah Bet, Shmarya Tzameret was involved with the ships "Dora" (July 1939), "Darian 2" (March 1941), "Tel Hai" (March 1946), "Yagur" (July 1946), "Chaim Arlozorov" (February 1947), "Exodus" (July 1947), and "Independence" (December 1947). Shmarya was married to Hadasa and had 4 children. He died in 1964 in a work accident at the olive factory of his Kibbutz, Beit-Hashita. His younger brother, Joe Tzameret, lost his life fighting in the Spanish Civil War with the Lincoln Brigades. Sources: |
Giora Yoseftal |
Giora Yosephtal helped arrange the departure of halutzim on the Dora. Age: 26. Giora Yosephtal's exact role is not yet clear, but it seems that he identified people who would sail to Palestine. It is said that he "determined a crucial part of the list of immigrants*" and "demanded to have the right to determine who the passengers would be on board and succeeded in getting graduates of the Zionist youth movements and graduates of the training farm to sail on this ship". He may also have been tasked with helping raise the funds for the purchase of the ship in England. It is said that he "made the arrangements for its purchase in England with the help of Haim Weizman*." Georg Josephthal was born on August 9, 1912 in Nuremberg. Yoseftal joined the Jewish youth association "Jüdischer Jugendbund" at the age of 14. After high school he studied law and economics at the University of Heidelberg, Berlin and Munich. Due to the rise of the Nazis to power at the beginning of 1933, Yoseftal was forced to continue his studies in Basel, Switzerland, where he completed his doctorate in law. In 1932, he joined the Zionist-socialist youth movement Habonim, and the following year was appointed head of the youth department of the Bavarian Jewish community. In 1934 he became director of the Youth Aliyah office in Berlin, and two years later served as secretary of the Hechalutz movement in Germany. In 1936 he married Senetta (Senta) Yoseftal, later also an Israeli politician. As part of his activities, Yoseftal established the Elgut agricultural Hachshara, many of whose trainees would later go on the Dora. In the 1930s he also assisted the Haganah in secret weapons purchases, but his activities were uncovered in 1937, and in September 1938, Giora and Senta emigrated to Mandate Palestine and came to Kibbutz Givat Haim. Following the events of Kristallnacht on November 9 of that year, just two months after arriving, he was sent on a mission to London to save German Jewry. As part of his position, he tried to work among European countries to temporarily absorb German Jews, with the final destination being the Land of Israel. About Giora Yosephtal's role with the Dora, Elyahu Reens wrote:
He returned to Palestine in 1939, establishing a work brigade in Ra'anana, which later established Kibbutz Gal'ed in 1945. Giora and and his wife Senta were among the founders of the kibbutz. Many of the Dora passengers who came from the Elgut Hachshara followed Giora in Kibbutz Gal'ed. From January 1943 to September 1945 he volunteered to serve in the British Army, and was stationed in Palestine and Egypt. After the war ended, he took over the absorption section of the Jewish Agency's aliyah department. Between 1947 and 1952 he sat on the Agency's board. In 1952 he was a member of the delegations which negotiated the Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1956, he became secretary-general of Mapai, the ruling party, a role he held until 1959. In the elections that year he was voted into the Knesset on Mapai's list, and was appointed Minister of Labour. He retained his seat in the 1961 elections, and was given the roles of Minister of Housing and Minister of Development. Giora Yoseftal died in August 1962 and is buried in Kibbutz Gal'ed. Sources:
Additional ReSources (not accessed): |
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Uri Kochba (Walter Koch) |
Emissary of the Hechalutz movement from Palestine in the Netherlands. Age: 29 Uri Kochba (born Walter Koch) was born in 1910 in Lissa (Leszno), on the German-Polish border. His family relocated to the neighboring German town of Glogau (now Glogow, Poland) after WW1. After high school, Kochba went to Stuttgart to study architecture. He took an active part in Zionist activities and was a member of the "Blau - Weiss" Zionist youth movement. In 1934, he made aliyah and came to Kibbutz Na'an where he joined the "German group" where he participated in conquering the soil, establishing the kibbutz's farming branches, and manufacturing weapons in its metalworking shop. In 1938, Kochba was sent to the Netherlands as an emissary of the Hechalutz Zionist movement, in order to assist Jews emigrating to Palestine. In June 1940, following the German invasion of the Netherlands, Kochba was arrested as a British subject and was interned in a series of detention camps. He was liberated on May 10, 1945. After his liberation he returned to Kibbutz Na'an and started a family with his wife, Adina. In 1957 he served as the first Israeli post-war emissary to instruct Jewish teenagers in Germany. After a year and a half he returned to Na'an. From 1958, he divided his work between the kibbutz, an assignment for the Youth Division of haKibbutz haMeuchad, and for the Efal teacher training seminary. Uri Kochba died in November 2001. Sources: |
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Yekutiel Fekete |
יקותיאל פקטה |
Served as Gideoni (Wireless Radio Operator) on the Dora. Age: 24. Born in 1915 in Hungary, his family made Aliyah in 1928 and came to Jerusalem. He received a master's degree in mathematics, physics and philosophy from the Hebrew University. After joining the Haganah, he took a signaling course then built a primitive transmitter, creating the first wireless connection between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea, and later to Gush Etzion. In 1939, he was sent to Europe to help organize the rescue of Jews and returned on the Dora. In 1951, he established the Bezeq School of Telecommunication in Jerusalem. He retired from his position as director in 1981. He died in 2001. He wrote about the story of the Dora on the occasion of the 50th anniversary in 1989. Sources: |
David (Davidka) Nameri
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(’דוד נמרי (’דוידקה |
Oversaw the disembarkation of the Dora in Palestine. Age: 30. David Nameri was born in Skidzieĺ, Belarus, in 1908. He made aliyah in 1926 at age 18. He worked at drying out the swamps, then moved to Kibbutz Gesher and Kibbutz Ashdot Yaakov. He joined the Haganah, then was in charge of the Stockade and Watchtower campaign ("Wall and Tower" settlements) in the Bet Shean Valley and Jordan Valley between 1936 and 1939. David Nameri was a founder and senior officer of both Mossad leAliyah Bet and Palmach (lieutenant general commander). He took part in the earliest Aliyah Bet operations, overseeing the disembarkation of the Poseidon and the Artemisia, both in 1937. He scouted locations where boats could come ashore, improved the radio communication system between ships and shore, and organized the disembarkation phase of the ships. "David Nameri, Operations officer of 'HaMossad for Aliyah Bet,' was responsible for the last stage of the Haapala - disembarking the immigrants from the ships and receiving them on the country's shores. The Fourth Palmach Battalion was assigned to secure the area where the Haapala ships arrived and their disembarkation to shore. The moment a report came about the departure of a Haapala ship from Europe, the Fourth Battalion HQ was responsible to prepare for its arrival. The HQ decided on the disembarkation point, gathered men and arms, planned the security of the shore and the roads leading to it and prepared a list of the neighboring settlements to absorb the immigrants. From 1947 to 1949, Davidka Nameri was sent by the Jewish Agency to the United States to work in procurement. He and his family returned to Israel in 1949 and went to Kibbutz Ashdot Yaakov. Nameri was the executive officer in charge of immigration by sea, land or air. He oversaw Operation Wings, the aerial immigration of Jews of Baghdad, Iraq. From 1960 to 1965, Nameri was chief executive of the Ministry of Transportation. Davidka Nameri died in 1966. Davidka's wife, Dvora, became a Gideonit (radio operator) for the Haganah in 1939 and contributed to monitoring and deciphering British secret messages from a Haganah's listening post. She later wrote a book in his memory: "David Nameri; By Him and About Him" (Kibbutz Meuchad, 1974) Sources: |
Yoel Golomb |
יואל גולומב |
Took part in the disembarkment of the passengers of the Dora. Age: 20. Born 1919 in Germany, Golomb came to Eretz Israel in 1936 with Youth Aliyah. He first lived in Kibbutz Na'an, then in Kibbutz Ashdot Yaakov, and later joined Kibbutz Revivim in 1939 in Rishon LeZion. Yoel Golomb was selected in July 1939 by the kibbutz to participate in the first naval course of the Haganah. The course was designed to train sailors to help in Aliyah Bet. Training consisted of rowing and sailing in the Yarkon River and at sea, swimming, lifesaving, and other seamanship tasks. After the outbreak of WW2, took further naval training, this time focusing on sabotage tactics for land and sea, in order to help the British in their fight against the Nazis and joined the British Navy in 1941. Sources: |
Shani, Chaim (Sergei) |
Took part in the disembarkment of the passengers of the Dora. Age: 19. Born 1920, made Aliyah in 1935. Lived in Tel Aviv and belonged to the Noar Haoved movement. In 1939, he participated in the first naval course in the Exhibition Halls in Tel Aviv. In August 1939, while attending the course, he helped take immigrants off the Dora when it landed at Shefayim. Lived in Kibbutz Na'an, then in Kibbutz Ashdot Yaakov. Joined Kibbutz Revivim in 1939 in Rishon LeZion. Volunteered for the Palmach in 1941 and was attached to F Company at Kfar Gileadi under the command of Yitzhak Rabin. He later participated in disembarking the immigrants off the "Chana Senesh" in December 1945 at Nahariya. Sources: |
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Dov 'Berchik' Magen
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Took part in the disembarkment of the passengers of the Dora. Age: 24. Born 1915 Panza, Russia; Came to Palestine in 1935. Quoted by Chaim Shani: "Berchik also took part in that (Dora) operation." He was an instructor of the Palyam's 'No. 1 Naval Officers' course, in 1945 with Shmuel Tankus. In June 1946, Dov (Berchik) Magen was the commander for the "Josiah Wedgwood", with 1,259 immigrants, and of the Pan Crescent (renamed "Atzmaut") in 1947. Sources: |
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Shaul Avigur
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שאול אביגור |
Head of Mossad leAliyah Bet. Monitored the landing of the Dora from Golda Meir's apartment. Prior to leading Mossad leAliyah Bet, Shaul Avigur had been among the defenders of Tel Hai in 1920. Since 1933 he had been the coordinator the Haganah and was instrumental in forming SHAI, the intelligence wing of the Haganah along with Reuven Shiloah in 1934. A senior Haganah member experienced in underground work and held in high esteem, Avigur joined Mossad leAliyah Bet in 1939, and was key in the success of the efforts of illegal immigration. During Israel's War of Independence, he acted as David Ben-Gurion's deputy defense minister. In 1953, he was appointed the founding head of Lishkat Hakesher, also known as "Nativ", an Israeli organization that maintained contact with Jews in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He headed the organization until 1970. Sources: |
Gertrude van Tijn
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Gertrude van Tijn helped organize the voyage of the Dora, despite the opposition of the chairman of the Committee for Jewish Refugees, David Cohen. Born in Braunschweig, Germany, in 1891, she came to the Netherlands in 1915. A Zionist since 1916, she started working for JNF in 1917. In April 1933 she began to assist with the growing number of Jewish refugees from Germany. She then became the representative of the Joint Distribution Committee in Holland and a member of an advisory committee of the League of Nations' Commission for Refugees. She joined the Committee for Jewish Refugees, and helped organize Jewish emigration from Germany between 1933 and 1940. A key member of the Committee, she oversaw everyday operations, was responsible for managing the finances, headed its emigration department, and became the contact person for foreign aid organizations. She was the co-founder and secretary of Werkdorp Nieuwesluis (the Work Village in Wieringen), a farm founded in 1934 in the Wieringermeer polder in North Holland that trained refugees of varying ages and vocations in agricultural work as well as construction, the raising of cattle and poultry, domestic work, gardening, cabinetry, locksmithing, and other practical work. She declined the opportunity to leave the Netherlands during the German invasion of May 1940, and continued her work with the Committee until its dissolution in March 1941. In September 1943 she was sent to the Westerbork transit camp camp and then Bergen-Belsen. In July 1944 she was among those Jews exchanged from Bergen-Belsen for Germans in Palestine. Afterwards the Dutch government in exile offered her a position in London to work with displaced Jews; she traveled through liberated Europe and Switzerland in this capacity until the end of the war. She died in Portland, USA, in 1974. Sources:
www.tabletmag.com |
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Siegfried Kramarsky
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Covered the cost of the Dora voyage with his business partner Salomon Flörsheim, and possibly others. Born in 1893 in Lubeck, Germany, Siegfried Kramarsky was a German banker, art collector and philanthropist. He settled in Amsterdam in 1923. With his partner, Salomon Flörsheim, Kramarsky took over the "Lisser & Rosenkranz" bank in Amsterdam which he headed from 1923 until 1938. From 1933 to 1939, Kramarsky was active in enlisting support for Jewish victims of the Hitler regime who had fled to the Netherlands. While in Amsterdam, Kramarsky compiled a large art collection that included works by Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, Renoir, Seurat, Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh, including the Portrait of Dr. Gachet which was sold in 1990 by his heirs for $82.5 million, making it one of the most expensive paintings in the world. Siegfried Kramarsky and his family came to the United States after fleeing the Netherlands in 1940, aided by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, a family friend who later became the first president of Israel. His wife, Lola Popper Kramarsky, was active in the Youth Aliyah movement and was president of Hadassah from 1960 to 1964. Siegfried Kramarsky died in Manhattan in 1961. Sources: |
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Salo (Salomon) Jakob Flörsheim |
Participated in financing the Dora voyage with his business partner Siegfried Kramarsky, and possibly others. Born in 1893 in Hamburg, Germany. Died in 1979 (86) in Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel S. J. Flörsheim and his family emigrated to Amsterdam, Netherlands around 1922, and he continued to work in private banking and brokerage business in Amsterdam, where he joined with another emigrant from Hamburg, Mr. Siegfried Kramarsky, a well known art collector. In 1944 the Flörsheims were first sent to the Westerbork transit camp, then to Thereisenstadt, where they survived the war. Salo and his wife Eva made Aliyah during the 50s and settled in Kfar Shmaryahu, where Eva passed away in 1975, and Salo in 1979. He befriended many Rabbis, scholars, and community leaders, and was personally acquainted with the early leaders of the State of Israel, including presidents Weizmann and Ben Zvi. He was an active philanthropist who practiced charity without fanfare. In the late 30s, he urged family and friends to flee Hitler's Germany. His home was often the refugees' first stop, for a day, week or month, and for those who could not afford it, he even paid for the trip, thus saving many families from the Holocaust. Sources: |
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Saly Mayer
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Contributed to financing the voyage of the Dora. Saly Mayer, 1882-1950. Swiss businessman, friend of Gertrude van Tijn. Chairman of the Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities from 1936 to 1943, and Representative of the Joint Distribution Committee in Switzerland from 1942. In the spring and summer of 1944, Saly Mayer was approached by the Nazis who offered to spare the life of Hungarian Jews in exchange of 10,000 trucks and supplies. Although the deal ultimately fell through, Saly Mayer is credited with saving thousands (up to 200,000) of Hungarian Jews by employing "every imaginable dilatory tactic" over several months of negotiations. He "walked the tightrope of negotiating with the Nazis to save Hungarian Jews while refusing the Nazis' requests for resources that would have prolonged the war." After the end of the war he became a middleman on behalf of the Joint in financing illegal immigration to Palestine. Sources: |
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Rudolf "Ru" Cohen
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Head of the Deventer Association, the second largest group of pioneers who boarded the Dora in Amsterdam Rudolf Ephraim Cohen ("Ru") was born 27 July 1889 in Deventer, Netherlands. Ru Cohen founded the Deventer Association for Vocational Training for Palestine Pioneers in 1918 in Deventer, and continued to be its driving force until his end. His brother was David Cohen, chairman of the Committee for Jewish Refugees, who would later be chairman of the Jewish Council for Amsterdam during the German occupation. The goal of the Deventer Association was to provide agricultural and vocational training (Hachshara) for Jewish boys and girls in preparation for immigration to Palestine. The "Palestine pioneers" (chalutzim) were placed with farmers near Deventer or with a furniture makers. Originally designed for Jewish youth from the Netherlands, the organization took on refugees from Germany and Eastern Europe in the late 1930s. Ru Cohen was deported and died in Bergen-Belsen on February 27, 1945. |
The Passengers
According to records from Mossad leAliyah Bet, the Dora carried 480 passengers to its destination. A few sources mention slight variations: Gertrude van Tijn, who took part in the rescue operation, cites 310 passengers in Amsterdam, including 50 pupils from Werkdorp Nieuwesluis, with an additional 157 passengers in Antwerp, for a total of 467, while some authors have rounded the number to 500.
Two lists of passengers have been found so far: one from Amsterdam, with 183 names, and one from Antwerp, with 171 additional names, for a total of 354. The difference between the 480 given by Mossad can mostly be explained by the fact that the lists from Amsterdam were compiled by Zionist groups and only include passengers who belonged to their groups. Refugees, who were not affiliated with any Zionist organization, were not included in those lists. The Antwerp list contains a mix of chalutzim and refugees. It appears to have been compiled by the Belgian authorities, and may be comprehensive.
To date, 382 (80%) names are known out of the estimated 480 passengers.
List 1: List of Passengers who boarded the Dora in Amsterdam on 16 July 1939 (from the HeHalutz lists).
Source: Dutch National Archive (Courtesy Rina Offenbach, Director BeNetivei Haapalah, Illegal Immigrant Database and Information Center, Atlit Detention Camp, Israel.)
I compiled the Amsterdam list below from 18 pages of names from several Pioneering organizations:
- "Left on the SS Dora": 7 names, handwritten list, no indication of group
- Stichting Joosche Arbeid Werkdorp Nieuwesluis: 76 names, dated August 1 (after the departure of the Dora), typewritten.
- "List of foreign students who left during the month of July": 36 names, including last address and nationality
- "Dath Waäretz": 26 names, dated August 7, typewritten.
- "Dath Waäretz, left on the Dora": 22 names, with 4 more names crossed out, handwritten list.
- Deventer Association: 54 names over 4 typewritten pages, covering 32 locations. Include date and city of birth and nationality.
- Werkdorp Wieringermeer: 76 names over 2 typewritten pages. Include date and city of birth and nationality. (Gertrude van Tijn mentioned 50 people came from the work village, while another witness quoted in Stegeman's and Vorsteveld's book put the number to approximately 55. It is not known if this means that the Wieringermeer list included 20 to 25 refugees who had not belonged to the work village, or maybe had joined right before the voyage.)
- Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Amsterdam): 7 names, including date and city of birth and nationality. Typewritten.
- Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bevervwijk): 20 names, including date and city of birth and nationality. Typewritten.
- Enschede: Hachscharah Agudas Jisroël: 7 names, including date and city of birth and nationality. Typewritten.
- Franeker (Kiboets Misrachi): 3 names, including date and city of birth and nationality. Typewritten.
- Laren Bergstichting: 2 names, including date and city of birth and nationality. Typewritten.
The last seven lists follow a similar format an were most likely prepared by the same person, presumably from the Hechalutz organization. The other lists are all different and were most likely created by their respective groups. Some names are appear on more than one list.
This list doesn't include all the passengers who boarded from Amsterdam for several reasons:
- 183 names appear on the Amsterdam lists. However, contemporary reports from the press and later accounts from organizers put the total number of passengers in Amsterdam at about 300, with Gertrude van Tijn citing 310 passengers.
- The Amsterdam lists were compiled by several Zionist pioneer organizations, mainly Hechalutz, Mizrachi, Deventer and the Werkdorp Wieringermeer. Hence, passengers not affiliated with these groups don't appear on those lists.
- A large of number of refugees, i.e. people not affiliated to any Zionist organization, boarded the Dora in Amsterdam. A list of the refugees, if it ever existed, hasn't surfaced yet.
- Several reports mention the presence of children on the Dora (Yoel Golomb, Gershon Jonas, and Flip Cohen - although Cohen mentions them boarding in Antwerp). These too are don't appear in the lists that were drawn by the pioneering groups.
- Over the years, several people have contacted me with information about relatives who boarded from Amsterdam whose names don't appear these lists, confirming that the available lists are not comprehensive. These name appear in a separate list further down.
Note: Four names on these lists were crossed out, without further explanation. My assumption is that these are people who may have decided at the last minute to not board the Dora, or were unable to do so.
Although incomplete, the Amsterdam list includes interesting demographic data on the passengers:
Gender:
- Men: 80% (146)
- Women: 20% (36)
Nationality:
- German: 69% (126)
- Dutch: 9% (16)
- Polish: 8% (14)
- "Stateless": 7% (13). (It is not clear if these "stateless" passengers were of Polish or German origin.)
- Hungarian: 3% (6)
- Czechoslovak: 1% (2)
- Danzig: 0.5% (1)
- England: 0.5% (1)
- Unknown: 1.5% (3)
Organizations:
- 76: Werkdorp Wieringermeer
- 59 (or 60): Deventer Association, distributed over several locations, the largest group (15) from Jeugdherberg (youth hostel) "De Assumburg" in Heemskerk, about 20 miles from Amsterdam
- 29: Mizrachi (religious Zionist) Kibbutz Dat veEretz (דת וארץ, "Religion and Country") in Beverwijk
- 7: Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel
- 3: Kibbutz Misrachi (religious Zionist) in Franeker
- 2: Berg-Stichting, Laren (Jewish orphanage)
A few individuals came from additional locations: Markelo, Almen, Zenderen, Zeddam and Delden.
For the list of additional passengers who boarded from Amsterdam, see further down under "Additional Passengers".
Note: Dates of birth are given as they appeared on the original lists with the following format: dd.mm.yy. In a few cases, the dates are incorrect (i.e. "3" instead of "8"). These dates are marked with an asterisk (*).
Total: 180
| Name | Pioneer Organization | Group | Last adress? | D.O.B (dd.mm.yy) |
Bio |
Abram, Susanna
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The Deventer Society
Amsterdam Henriette, Korte Meerhuizenstr. 3 |
Amsterdam | Henriette, Korte Meerhuizenstr. 3 |
26.8.1912
Amsterdam Polish* |
Susanna Henriette Abram (later: Shoshana Benima) was born August 26, 1912, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Simon Abram, a diamond cutter from Amsterdam, and Gesiena, née Nieweg, from Leek. She had one brother, Heiman (1914).
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Abramczyk, Bruno
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The Deventer Society
Amsterdam "De Vondelhof" |
Amsterdam | "De Vondelhof" Frederikstr. 18 Amsterdam |
2.12.1919
Jastrow German |
Bruno Abramczyk (later: Baruch Ben Avram) was born on December 2, 1919, in Jastrow, Westpreußen (now Jastrowie, Poland), the son of Max Abramczyk and Mina Brasch. He had one sister.
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Adler, Alfred
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer | 3.1.1912
Lauterbach Stateless |
Alfred Adler (later: Asher Adler) was born January 3, 1912, in Lauterbach, Germany, the son of Meir Adler. He had (at least) one sibling.
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Altberger, Karl
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The Deventer Society | F.H. Evers "De Eekhorst", Hummelo |
18.11.1919
Köln Czechoslovak |
Karl Altberger (later: Reuven Altberger) was born on November 18, 1919, in Köln-Lindenthal, the son of Lazar (Ludwig) Altberger and Regina Elias, the youngest of nine children. His siblings included: Arnold, Max, Johanna/Hannah, Paula, Hermann, Rosa (1911), and Samuel ("Sanny") (1912).
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Appel, Rosa
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel | Euterpestr. 41 Amsterdam-Z |
27.9.1914
Naumburg German |
Rosa Appel (later: Rosa Deutsch) was born on September 27, 1914, in Naumburg near Kassel, the daughter of Siegfried Appel and Johanna, née Hirsch. She had seven siblings: Käthe (1906), Jacob (1907), Hedwig (1908), Sophie (1911), Karl (1913), Hertha (1917) and Irma (1919).
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Aufrichtig, Hedwig (Hedy)
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The Deventer Society (Den Haag) | Den Haag | L. Beestenmarkt 135 |
23.7.1916
Vienna German (Öst.) |
Hedwig "Hedy" Aufrichtig (later: Hedwig Khalil) was born on July 23, 1916, in Vienna, Austria, the daughter of Siegfried Aufrichtig, from Boskovice (Czechoslovakia), and Flora Holzer, from Graz (Austria). She had two siblings, Elise (1915) and Hans (1921).
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Bagainski, Margot
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The Deventer Society (Gouda) | Gouda | Ridder van Katzweg 61 |
10.11.1919
Berlin German |
Margot Sophie Bagainski (later: Miriam Timnah) was born in Berlin on November 10, 1919, the daughter of Hermann Bagainski, from Gniezno (now Poland), and Helene Bagainski, née Ruschin, from Schokken (today Skoki). She had two brothers, Julius (1921) and Arno (1924).
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Baum, Charlotte
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam | Kasernestr. 4 |
28.7.1919
Beuthen Stateless |
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Baum, Günter
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The Deventer Society | MIDDELBEEK bij Voorst | bij Frederiks Papenstraat 45, Deventer |
22.12.1918
Waltrop German |
Günter Baum (later: Gideon Alon) was born on December 12, 1918, in Waltrop, Recklinghausen, Westphalia, the son of Jakob Baum, from Mengede, and Martha, née Bendix, from Dortmund. He had two brothers, Helmut (1913) and Werner (1915).
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Beifus, Berthold
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
15.1.1917
Laasphe German |
Berthold Beifus (later: Baruch Lavi) was born on January 15, 1917, in Laasphe, Germany, the son of Herz Beifus and Mina née Stern. He had five siblings: Irma (1912), Robert Reuven (1913), Arthur Abraham (1915), Julius (1919), and Herta (1920); and three older half-brothers from his father's first marriage: Siegfried (1902), Leonhardt (1904), and Joseph (1906).
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Bekker, Hymann
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
24.10.1918
Den Haag Dutch |
Hijman Bekker (later: Chaim Bekker) was born October 24, 1918, in The Hague, Netherlands, the son of Mendel Bekker, from The Hague, and Rachel Swaan. Hijman had four sisters and two brothers: Hanna Roza (1911), Juda Levie (1912), Golderiesje (1915), Betsy (1916), Joseph (1921), and Sophia (1923).
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Benedikt, Franz
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The Deventer Society (Deventer) | Deventer | Papenstraat 45, Deventer |
21.3.1918
Unterberg-Eisenstadt, Austria German* (Östr.) |
Franz Benedikt (later: Peretz Benedikt) was born March 21 (or 29*), 1918, in Unterberg-Eisenstadt, a Jewish enclave near Vienna, the son of Ignaz Benedikt and Berta, née Hacker. He had six siblings: Martin Isidor (Isidore) (1911), Miksa (Max) (1913), Eugin (Eugene) (1915), Ernst (1920), Robert (1923), and Lili (Livia) (1926).
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Benima, Max
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The Deventer Society (Rotterdam) | Rotterdam |
12.9.1913 Amsterdam Dutch |
Max Frederik Leopold Benima (later: Moshe Benima) was born September 12, 1913, in Amsterdam, the son of Frederik Benima, a merchant from Winschoten, Netherlands, and Sara, née Polak, from Bunde, Germany. He had one sister, Bertha Lea (1914). His father died in May 1923 when Max was not yet thirteen. His mother later married Salomon Schwartz, a traveling textile salesman, in January 1926.
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Benjamin, Julius
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
24.3.1921
Königsberg German |
Julius Benjamin (later: Yehuda Osh) was born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on March 24, 1921, the son of Bernhard Benjamin and Hedwig Jaffe. He had five siblings: Susi (1914), Willi (1917), Betty Batja (1917), Ruth (1918), and Manfred (1923).
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Benjamin, Rudolf
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The Deventer Society (Almelo) | Almelo: Erve "De Kooi" | tijd. Celebesstraat 49E Den Haag |
1.1.1917
Barmen German |
Rudolph Benjamin (later: Uzi Binyamin) was born on January 1, 1917, the son of Albert Abel Benjamin and Anna Meijer in Barmen, Germany. He had two siblings: Erich (1915), and Erika Jeanette (1918).
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Berger, Otto
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Markelo: Op het Reef Kerkspeelchor K. 51 | G.W.A Brunnekreeft, Op, 't Reef, Kerspel Goor K.51. Gem. Markelo |
5.3.1912
Zoornik Czechoslovak |
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Bergmann, Jaacob
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
16.1.1914
Gr. Rackchen German |
Jacob Bergmann was born on January 16, 1914, in Gross Kakschen (Birkenhain), the son of Albert Bergmann, a trader/merchant and Anna Reissmann. He had three siblings, Wanda (1908), Gerda (1915), and Arthur (1916).
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Besser, Wolfgang
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
22.8.21
Breslau German |
Wolfgang Besser (later Oded Betzer) was born August 22, 1921, in Breslau, the third child of Albert Besser and Ilse Pinkus. He had one brother, Hans (ca 1924) (TBC), and one sister, Elisabeth Margarete (TBC).
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Bing, Marianne
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
1.3.1921
Nürnberg German |
Marianne Bing (later: Miriam Mohr) was born March 1, 1921, in Nuremberg, the only child of Dr. Siegmund Bing and Charlotte "Lotte" Bing (Pickard).
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Binstock, Fritz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
23.3.1921
Vienna German (Austrian) |
Fritz Binstok was born on March 23, 1921, in Vienna, the son of Adolf Abraham Aron Binstok, a shop keeper, and Klara Chaje Rifka Sternberg, both originally from the Lviv region. He had three sisters: Grete Margaret, Erna Golde, and Gusti (1912).
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Birnbaum, Ruth (Grete)
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
12.5.1922
Hamelin (Hameln) German |
Ruth Berta (Grete) Birnbaum (later: Ruth Keret) was born on May 12, 1922, in Hamelin, Germany, the eldest child of Max Birnbaum and Margarete Goldstein. She had a younger brother, Alfred (1924).
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Birnbrey, Rosel
ca. 1950s?
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The Deventer Society (Herwikerwaard) | Herwikerwaard | p.a. Veldhorst |
23.11.1921
Stettin German |
Rosel Birnbrey (later: Rachel Sharon) was born on November 23, 1921, in Stettin, Germany (now Szczecin, Poland), the daughter of Siegfried Birnbrey, from Stettin, and Elizabeth (unknown maiden name), from Berlin.
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Blau, Hanna
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.2.1921
Köln Stateless |
Hanna Blau was born on February 7, 1921, in Cologne.
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Blumenfeld, Erich
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk |
29.7.1912
Husen German |
Erich Siegmund Blumenfeld was born on July 29, 1912, in Husen, Lichtenau, the son of Simon Blumenfeld, a cattle dealer, and Berta Reinhold. His father died fighting for Germany in France in 1918. At the time, Erich was not 6 yet.
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Blumenstein, Chana
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The Deventer Society (Voorschoten) | VOORSCHOTEN | Veurssche weg 348 |
19.12.1919
München German |
Hanna Julia Blumenstein (later: Hannah Eady) was born December 19, 1919, in Munich, the daughter of Carl Blumenstein, from Gunzenhausen, and Ida, née Kohnstamm, from Munich. She had one brother, Ernst (later: Yosef Even) (1922).
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Boehm, Walter
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
17.8.1919
Breslau German |
Walter Jakob Boehm (later: Yaakov Aloni) was born on August 17, 1919, in Breslau (now Wroclaw), the son of Hans (Naftali) and Hilda Boehm. He had one brother, Bernhard (1921).
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Bomze Marie
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
18.4.1921
Vienna German (Austrian) |
Marie Bomze (later: Miriam Besser) was born April 18, 1921, in Vienna, the daughter of Abraham Chaim Bomze, from Mikulince (Poland, now Ukraine) and Gisela Fränkel, from Vienna. She had two brothers, Leo (1907) and Joseph (1917).
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Braun, Ruth
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Kibbutz Misrachi, Franeker | Franeker, Harlingerweg 45 (Kibbutz Misrachi) |
22.4.1920
Nürnberg German |
The matching of the passenger to this person needs to be confirmed but is most likely correct: Ruth Braun was born on April 22, 1920, in Nuremberg, the daughter of Aaron Braun (TBC).
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Brock, Ernst
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The Deventer Society (Colmschate) | COLMSCHATE | G. Beekman, De Snippeling C.6 Colmschate |
3.8.1916
Frauenkirchen German |
Ernst Brock was born August 3, 1916, in Frauenkirchen (Austria-Hungary, now Austria), the son of Ignatz Brock and Flora (Friedel, Fanny) Spielman. He had a brother, Richard (1904), and a sister, Hanna. His father died in 1920 when Ernst was not 3 years old yet.
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Brück, Walter
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.12.1919 Bingen German |
Walter Brück (later: David Barkai) was born on December 7, 1919, in Bingen, Germany, the son of Carl Brück and Lily (Elisabeth) Natt. He had one sister, Lotte (1922).
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Calmann, Ludwig
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
12.5.1917
Ratibor German |
Ludwig Calmann (later: Arieh Calman) was born May 12, 1917, in Ratibor, Silesia (now Racibórz, Poland), the son of Carl Calmann and Selma Suchowloski. He had one sister, Eva (1915). His mother died around 1930.
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Chambon, Wilhelmina
1958
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Berg-Stichting, Laren | Berg-Stichting, Laren (North Holland) |
7.4.1915
Groningen Dutch |
Wilhelmina van Dam (Chambon, later: Malka Admon) was born April 7, 1915, in Groningen, Netherlands, the daughter of Frouktje van Dam, a cigar maker. She had three sisters: Anna, Christina, and Meta Gesine.
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Cohen, Justus
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam | Amstellaan 235 |
28.3.1918
Groningen Dutch |
Justus Hartog Cohen (later: Tzadok Cohen) was born on March 28, 1918, in Groningen, the son of Levie Cohen (Levie Yehuda Abrahams Cohen) and Flora Steren. He had a brother who died young, Abraham (1904-1919), and two sisters, Rebecca (1908) and Channa/Hanny (1905).
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Cohen, Paul
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The Deventer Society (Utrecht) | UTRECHT | Croeselaan 144 |
15.3.1911
Dinslaken German |
Paul Cohen (later: Jehuda Cohen) was born March 15, 1911, in Dinslaken, a town in Nordrhein-Westfalen, about 50 miles from the Netherlands. He was the son of Hermann "Chaijim" Cohen, a merchant born in Dinslaken, and Julie Platz. He had three siblings: Hilde (1909), Grete (1913), and Anni (1915). His father died in 1937.
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Cohen, Philipp (Flip)
In Kibbutz Franeker
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam | Kastanjeplein 3 |
30.5.1918
Amsterdam Dutch |
Philip "Flip" Cohen (later: Uri Cohen) was born in Amsterdam on May 30, 1918, the son of Jacob Cohen and Sara Cohen - Brandon. Philip had three brothers and three sisters: Izak (1917), Hartog (1920), Keetje (1921), Greetje, Samuel (1926), and Mirjam (1931).
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Cohn, Bernd
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.5.1919
Berlin German |
Bernd Cohn was born May 25, 1919, in Berlin, the son of Erich Cohn, a lawyer, and Paula Cohn (née Zade). He had one brother, Klaus (1913).
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Cohn, Heinz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.2.1920
Berlin German |
Heinz Michel Cohn was born on February 27, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Alex Cohn and Rosa Cohn (born Mann). He had two siblings, Feodora (1911) and Werner (1922). His father died in 1927 when Heinz was 7 years old.
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Daube, Elie
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
21.1.1915
Königsbad* German |
Elias Daube (later: Eliyahu Daube) was born January 21, 1915, in Koenigsbach, Baden, the son of Meier (Max) Daube and Sophie née Beissinger. He had three siblings: David (1911), Gershon (1912) and Leah (1913). [Other sources list three more: Willie Wolf (1906), Jacob (1908), Hermann (1909).]
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Dinner, Sara
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
13.12.1911
Amsterdam Dutch |
Sara Dinner (later: Sara Ben Aharon) was born on December 13, 1911, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Israel Dinner and Henrietta Auerbach. She was the eldest of four children. Her siblings were Lea (1913), Joseph Hirsch (1915) and Esther (1920).
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Ebel, Siegismund
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | "De Vondelhof" Frederikstr. 18 Amsterdam" |
28.7.1915
Beuthen German |
Siegismund Ebel (later: Shmuel Ebel) was born on July 28, 1915, in Beuthen, Germany, (now Bytom, Poland), the son of Emil Ebel, an insurance agent, and Else Goldstein. He had five siblings, including Kathe (1901), Bernhard (1904) and Charlotte Naomi (1907).
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Englard, Leo
1940
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.7.1921
Przemyśl German* |
Leo Englard (later: Arieh Englard) was born July 7, 1921, in Przemyśl, Austrian Galicia (now Przemyśl, Poland), the son of Hermann Englard and Cilla, née Dominitz, from Radymno, Jarosław in Galicia (now Poland). He had a twin sister, Berta Chaja (1921). His father died in December 1936 when Leo was 15.
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Fischer, Ernst Jacob
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(Almen: Het Laren) | ALMEN: Het Laren | p.a. Woestenenk |
17.8.1918
Frankenthal German |
Ernst Jacob Fischer was born August 17, 1918, in Frankenthal.
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Förder, Ernst
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Kibbutz Misrachi, Franeker | Franeker, Harlingerweg 45 (Kibbutz Misrachi) |
8.1.1918
Beuthen German |
Ernst Foerder (later: Schlomo Porat) was born January 8, 1918, in Beuthen, Upper Silesia (now Bytom, Poland), the son of Jakob (Jacques) Foerder and Anny, née Froehlich. He had one sister, Ruth (1910).
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Friedman, Meir
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
5.11.1917
Postawie Polish * |
Meir Friedman (later: Meir Bar Shalom) was born on November [other sources: December] 5, 1917, in Postavy, Lithuania (later Poland, now Pastavy, Belarus), the son of Yaakov Friedman and Adelaide. He had four siblings: Moshe, Hanoch, Lea, and (unknown).
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Geisel, Siegfried
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
6.10.1910
Bullay German |
Siegfried Geisel was born October 6, 1910, in Bullay, a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, about 30 miles from Luxembourg and the Belgian border.
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Goldbach, Ilse
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
25.11.1914
Marktbreid, Germany German |
Ilse Goldbach (later Elsa Horin) was born November 25, 1914, in Marktbreit, a small town near Frankfurt, the daughter of Abraham Goldbach and Carla née Blum. She had a younger sister, Martha, and a brother.
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Goldschmidt, Arno
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
25.8.1907
Rixdorf (Berlin-Neukölln) German |
Arno Goldschmidt (later: Asher Goldschmidt) was born on August 25, 1907, in Rixdorf (Berlin-Neukölln), the son of Hermann Hirsch Goldschmidt, from Danzig, and Lisbeth (Elisabeth), née Mandel, from Posen. He had one brother, Rudi Rafael (1909).
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Goldschmidt, Julius, Ernst
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
30.03.1920
Berkach German |
Ernst Julius Goldschmidt was born on March 30, 1920 in Berkach, Thüringia. Berkach, a small village in Thuringia of 400 to 500 residents, had a Jewish presence since the 17th century, with a synagogue, a Mikveh, a school, and a cemetery. Up to half the hamlet population was Jewish.
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Goldstein, Lilo (Lieselotte)
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
12.2.1918
Berlin German |
Lieselotte Goldstein (later Lilo Tachover) (Tachauer?), was born February 12, 1918, in Berlin, the daughter of Jacob and Julia Goldstein, (born Levin) . She had two brothers: Rudolf (Rudi) (1908), and Hans (Tuvya) (1912).
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Gottlieb, Mary
1946
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
15.12.1921
Vienna German (Austrian) |
Mary Gottlieb (later: Miriam Weisskopf) was born December 15, 1921, in Vienna, the only child of Mendel Emanuel Gottlieb, originally from Sieniawa, Galicia (now Poland), and Ester Gittel Gottlieb (née Bohm), from Ottynia, Galicia (now Ukraine).
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Goudsmit, Marianna
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | Pres. Brandtstr. 74 |
13.9.1918
Amsterdam Polish |
Marianna Goudsmit (later: Marianna Pridan) was born on September 13, 1918, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Philip Goudsmit and Jette Israels. She had four siblings: Eliëzar (1917), Leentje (1920), Jonat Janos (1922), and Mozes (1923). Her father died in 1930 when she was 12 years old.
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Griver, Norris
1940
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The Deventer Society |
25.5.1915
London British |
Norris Griver was born on May 25, 1915, in Bethnal Green, in the East End of London, the son of a Russian father, Davy Griver, and a British mother, Dora Simmons. He had four siblings: Asher (1913), Gertrude (1920), Miriam Rivka (1923), and (?).
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Gross, Simon
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
14.5.1918
Vienna German (Austrian) |
Simon Gross (later: Shimon Gross) was born in Vienna on May 14, 1918, the son of leo (Leib) Gross, from Nadworna (now Nadvirna, Ukraine) and Scheindel Gross (born Schreier), from Bohorodchany (Ukraine). He had five siblings: Igo (Israel) (1897), Rosa (Reizel) (1899), Thea (Taube) (1901), Munio (Mojzesz) (1903), and Max (Markus) (1905).
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Grünberger, Philip
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
3.1.1913
Boskowitz German |
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Grünpeter, Martin
Photo: Roman Vishniac.
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
12.1.1914 Breslau Stateless [German] |
Martin Grünpeter (later: Mordechai Sela) was born January 12, 1914, in Breslau, to Emil Grünpeter, from Koenigshuette, and Recha Juliusburger, from Kattowitz. He had two sisters, Hanni (1918), and Naomi (ca 1920).
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Gusdorf, Hans Rudolf
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
10.4.1921
Berlin German |
Hans Rudolf Gusdorf (later: Reuven Gidron) was born in Berlin on April 10, 1921, the son of Max Gusdorf, from Detmold, and Helena Gusdorf (born Oppenheimer). Hans had one sister ten years older than him, Erika.
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Gutmann, Gustav Gerhard
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
28.9.1920
Berlin German |
Gustav Gerhard Gutmann was born September 28, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Gustav Gutmann and Berta née Lewin. He had two siblings: Hildegard (1902) and Heinz (1908). A sister, Anneliese (1907), died in 1918.
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Guttmann, Heinemann
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
13.12.1915
Burgpreppach German |
Heinemann Gutmann (later: Elhanan Gutman) was born on December 13, 1915, in Burgpreppach, the son of Meier Max Gutmann, and Amalia Emanuel. He had four siblings: Betty (1914), Sara (1916), Zipora (1920) and Leo Eliezer (1923).
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Haas, Edwin
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
13.1.1920
Mannheim German |
Edwin ("Edde") Haas (later: Gad Haas) was born on January 13, 1920, in Mannheim, Germany, the son of Karl Haas and Anna Kayem. He had and elder sister Getrud (1915), and a twin sister Lily (1920). His father died in 1927 when Edwin was 7 years old.
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Heineberg, Walter
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
28.7.1920
Düsseldorf German |
Walter Heineberg (later: Gabriel Heinberg) was born in Düsseldorf on July 28, 1920, the son of Paul Heineberg and Anna Weinberg. He had one sister, Liesel (1913).
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Hirsch, Eva
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The Deventer Society (Apeldoorn) | Apeldoorn: "Het Apeldoornsche Bosch" |
15.9.1916
Berlin German |
Eva Ilse Hirsch (later: Chava Wolff) was born on September 15, 1916, in Berlin, the daughter of Paul Hirsch and Else Mathilde, née Dresel. She had a twin sister, Ruth. Her mother died in 1934 when Eva was 14 years old.
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Hirsch, Issy
1939
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
13.11.1919
Düsseldorf German |
Issy Hirsch (later: Yitzhak Hirsch) was born on November 13, 1919, in Düsseldorf, the youngest child of Avigdor Hirsch, and Guste Gittel Sprei, both from Galicia. He had three siblings: Benno Ben Zion (1909), Yvonne (1911), and Abraham Rudy (1913).
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Hirsch, Manfred
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
29.3.1920
Berlin German |
Manfred Hirsch (later: Moshe Raphaeli) was born March 29, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Raphael and Dora Hirsch.
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Hochberger, Abraham
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
21.6.1918
Vienna German |
Abraham Hochberger was born June 21, 1918, in Vienna, the son of Zacharyasz Binder Hochberger (Zacharias Hochberger), a merchant (and/or a Rabbi*), and Perl Berta Blumenkranz. Avraham had (at least) five brothers: Nathan (born in Bobowa, 1902), Simon (born in Bobowa, 1903), Josef (1913), Moritz (1914), and Isaak (1916), and (at least) two sisters, Jette (Jetti?) and Rose.
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Hoffmann, Heinz
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
6.11.1916
Schreiberhau German |
Heinz Hoffmann (later: Haim Bar-Tikva) was born on November 6, 1916, in Schreiberhau (Lower Silesia, now Szklarska Poreba in Poland), the son of Julius Joseph Hoffmann and Clara Hoffmann (née Richter). He had one sister, Anni (Helena) (1918).
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Horowitz, Marcus (Max)
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
17.1.1914
Frankfurt German |
Marcus Horowitz (later: Mordechai Horowitz) was born on January 17, 1914, in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Jakob and Lotte Horowitz.
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Israel, Manfred
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.9.1920
Schlawe German |
Manfred Israel (later: Moshe Israel) was born September 7, 1920, in Schlawe, a small town near the Baltic Sea in Pomerania (now Poland), the son of Samuel (Sally) Israel,a merchant from Friedrichsbruch (Prussia, now Poland), and Paula Israel (born Klahr), originally from Zolondowo, Poland. He had one younger sister, Inge Charlotte (1924).
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Jacob, Leopold Siegfried
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk |
10.6.1917
Berlin German |
Leopold Siegfried Jacob was born on June 10, 1917, in Berlin.
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Jacobsohn, Ernst
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
18.7.1916
Hamburg German |
Ernst Jacobsohn was born on July 18, 1916, in Hamburg, the son of John Jacobsohn, a merchant from Lübeck, and Else Jacobsohn (née Rosenblum), from Salzwedel, Saxony. He had one brother, Manfred (1922).
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Jonas, Max Gerhard
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
16.4.1921
Berlin German |
Gerhard Jonas (later: Gershon Jonas) was born on April 16, 1921, in Berlin, the son of Erich Jonas, Dr. PhD, and Annie Gertrud Jonas (née Loewenthal). He had one brother, Peter Lutz (1925).
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Kahn, Siegbert
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
5.7.1920
Lichtenfels, Germany Stateless |
Siegbert Kahn was born July 5, 1920, in Lichtenfels, the son of Arthur Kahn, a cattle dealer, and Carry Oppenheimer.
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Kampf, Heinrich
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
24.2.1915 Vienna German |
Heinrich Kampf (later: Uri Oren*) was born February 24, 1915, in Vienna, the youngest son of Aaron Adolf Kampf, originally from Opatowice, Poland, and Lea Buxdorf, from Brody. He had three siblings: Siegfried (1906), Regina (1908), and Alfred (1911).
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Kapelner Heinrich
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
31.3.20
Köln Polish |
Heinrich Kapelner (later: Haim "Heini" Kaplaner, or Kapelner?) was born March 31, 1920, in Cologne, the son of Yehuda and Miriam Kapelner.
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Katz, Albert (Katz, Abraham)
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The Deventer Society (Weelsche Broek)
(Deventer society: Papenstraat 45, Deventer) |
Weelsche Broek | Papenstraat 45, Deventer
p.a. Gerritsen |
1.7.1916
Nyirgelse Hungarian |
Albert Abraham Katz was born in Nyírgelse, a village near in Nyírmihálydi in Hungary, on July 7, 1916, the son of Lajos Katz, from Máriapócs, and Eszter née Fellner, from Fényeslitke. He had two siblings: Szerena (1912) and Ferencz (1914)
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Katz, Susi
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
25.7.1918
Posen German |
Susi Katz (later: Shulamit Bar-Shalom) was born on July 25, 1918, in Posen, Prussia (now Poznań, Poland), the daughter of Ludwig Katz and Hedwig née Engel. She had one brother, Theodor (Tuvya) (1914). Her father died in 1924, when Susi was 5 years old.
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Katzenstein, Gerhard
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
5.7.1920 Berlin Stateless |
Gerhard Katzenstein (later: Gershom Nevo) was born July 5, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Simon Katzenstein and Henriette (Jettka) Katzenstein (born Rubin). He had two siblings, Hans Siegmund (1916) and Anna Sophie (1918).
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Kaufmann, Ellen
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
28.1.1920
Berlin German |
Ellen Margot Kaufmann was born on January 28, 1920, in Berlin, the daughter of Alfred Kaufmann and Paula Lea Adler. The second child in a family of four children, she had two brothers: Ernst (1918) and Herbert Peter (1925) and one sister, Ruth (1923).
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Kaufmann, Ernst
Photo: Roman Vishniac
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
22.9.1918
Berlin Stateless |
Ernst Kaufmann (later: Gad Canaan) was born on September 22, 1918, in Berlin, the son of Alfred Kaufmann and Paula Lea Adler. The eldest in a family of four children, he had two sisters, Ellen (1920) and Ruth (1923), and one brother, Herbert Peter (1925).
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Klestadt, Hans (Kleestadt)
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
19.4.1920
Geseke German |
Hans Klestadt (later: Hanan Keret) was born April 19, 1920 in Geseke, the son of Berthold Klestadt and Toni née Sahmer. Hans had a younger brother, Bernhard (Bernt) Klestadt (1923).
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Kornicker, Peter, J.
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
14.12.1917
Breslau German |
Peter Joachim Kornicker (later: Dan Karni) was born December 14, 1917, in Breslau, the son of Georg Korniker, a lawyer and notary born in Breslau, and Herta Cohen. His mother died in 1919 while he was still one year old. His father married Else Hirshel in a second marriage.
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Lampelz, Saul
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
27.10.1920
Stuttgart Polish |
Saul Eisig (Isidor) Lampelz (later: Isaac Ben Hanoch) was born on October 27, 1920, in Stuttgart, the son of Enoch Heinrich Lampelz and Udel Fiskus, both originally from Galicia. He was the eldest of five children, his siblings being: Klara (1919), Rose (1922), Julius (1925) and Max Maksymiljan (1928). [possibly four more siblings.]
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Landsberger, Walter
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The Deventer Society (Klarenbeek bij Voorst) | KLARENBEEK bij Voorst | Papenstraat 45, Deventer | 20.3.1920
Goslar German |
Walter Landsberger (later: Zeev Landsberger) was born March 20, 1920, in Goslar, Germany, the son of William Landsberger and Gertrud née Friedmann. He had one older brother, Max (1915). His mother died two weeks after his birth in April 1920.
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Leefsma, Eduard (Eddy)
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(Zenderen) | ZENDEREN; near Borne |
31.5.1917 Den Haag Dutch |
Eduard (Eddy) Leefsma (later: Eliahu Leefsma) was born on May 31, 1917, in The Hague, the son of Mozes (Moshe) Leefsma, a commercial agent, and Marianne (Miriam), née Snijders. He had three siblings: Ella (1920), Raphaël (1924), and Fritz (1931). In 1927 the family moved to Amsterdam.
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Lesser, Eva
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk |
26.4.1919
Berlin German |
Eva Therese Lesser (later Chava Shomrat) was born on April 26, 1919, in Berlin, the daughter of Robert Lesser and Flora Mathilde Lesser (born Ring). She had one brother, Alfred. He mother died in 1937 when Eva was 18 years old.
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Levie, Kurt
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam |
7.10.1920 Essen Polish** |
Kurt Levie was born on October 7, 1920, in Essen, the son of Hugo Levie, from Hamburg, and Olga Henriette Schweizer, from Wesel. He had an older brother, Rudy.
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Levy, Hans
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
6.7.1918
Berlin German |
Hans Levy (later: Hanan Levy) was born on July 6, 1918, in Berlin, the son of Abraham (Adolf) Levy, from Strzałkowo (Poland), and Marta Levy (born Buttermilch), from Lisa (Poland).
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Levy, Ruth
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
22.3.1921
Ahrweiler German |
Ruth Levy (later: Ruth Teichler) was born March 22, 1921, in Ahrweiler, the only child of Wilhelm Levy, from Ahrweiler, and Recha Kaufmann.
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Lewinsky, Hans, Arnold
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
6.12.1919
Neustettin German |
Hans Arnold Lewinsky (later: Arnold Levinsky) was born December 6, 1919, in Neustettin, the son of Leo Lewinsky and Grete Lewinsky (born Engel). He had one brother, Gerhard (Shlomo) (1914).
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Lewinsohn, Curt
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
13.12.1912
Osterode German |
Curt Lewinsohn (later: Yoram Ariely) was born December 13, 1912, in Osterode, Prussia (now Ostróda, Poland), the son of Martin Lewinsohn, from Osterode, and Grete Lewinsohn (born Herzfeld), from Peine, Saxony. He had one sister, Hildegard (Hilda) (1916).
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Litten, Harry
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
20.2.1910
Posen German |
Harry Litten was born February 20, 1910, in Posen, Prussia (now Poznań, Poland), the son of Richard Raphael Litten and Gertrud née Loewy, from Moschin, Poland. He had a brother, Manfred (1909).
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Loeb, Hans
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
20.10.1921
Düsseldorf German |
Hans Ludwig Loeb was born on October 20, 1921, in Düsseldorf, the son of Sali August Loeb and Eleonora (Nora) Maurer. He had an older sister, Hannelore (1920) and a younger brother, Fritz (1924).
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Loewenthal, Bernhard
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
22.7.1920
Schoneberg German |
Bernhard Wolfgang Löwenthal was born July 22, 1920, in Berlin.
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Loszynski, Ernst
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The Deventer Society (Hall, bij Eerbeek) | HALL, bij Eerbeek. | p.a. H. J. Maaldering 23. Papenstraat 45, Deventer |
23.4.1919
Breslau* German |
Ernst Loszynski (later: Yitzhak Loszynski) was born on April 23, 1918, in Oschersleben, the son on Nathan Loszynski, a merchant from Schokken, Pomerania (Skoki, Poland), and Martha, née Hirshfeld, from Bromberg (Bydgoszcz). He had three siblings: Miriam Margarete (1911), Dorothea (1913), and Arno Heinz (1914).
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Luft, Günter
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | Topaasstr. 7. p/a. Koopman |
21.9.1912
Lubschau German |
Günter Luft (later: Eliezer Luft) was born on September 21, 1912, in Lubschau, Prussia (now Lubsza, Poland), the son of Paul Ludwig Luft, an innkeeper from Peiskretscham, Silesia (now Pyskowice, Poland), and Selma née Pinczower, from Tworog, Upper Silesia (now Tworóg, Poland). He had four siblings: Joachim (1910), Hanns* (1915), Elfriede (1916), and one more unnamed sibling.
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Mainzer, Alfred
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The Deventer Society (Hummelo) | HUMMELO | J.E. Hupkes, Op de Kip, A, 109 Hummelo |
25.3.1920
Wissek German |
Alfred Mainzer was born March 25, 1920, in Wissek, Posen (now Wysoka, Poland), the son of Ernst Mainzer, from Dortmund, and Olga Salomon, from Wirsitz (now Wyrzysk, Poland). He had a twin brother, Herbert Mainzer, and a half-sister, Ruth Leiser (1914).
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Mainzer, Robert
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.5.1920
Lüdinghausen German |
Robert Mainzer (later: Omri Mainzer) was born May 27, 1920, in Lüdinghausen, the son of Fritz Mainzer and Erna Friede. He had one brother, Hans (Jehuda)(1922).
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Maks, Rita (Heintje Hendrika)
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk |
23.10.1914
Haarlem Dutch |
Heintje Hendrika Maks was born on October 23, 1914, in Haarlem, Holland, the daughter of Gerard Maks and Lea de Klijn.
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Margulius, Heinz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
28.5.1921
Berlin German |
Heinz Margulius was born May 28, 1921, in Berlin, the son of Heinrich (Chanan) Margulius and Gertrude Salomon.
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Marx, Ernst
1940's
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
30.9.1916
Erfurt German |
Ernst Luitpold Marx was born September 30, 1916, in Erfurt, Thuringia, the son of Gabriel Marx and Emma Marx (born Schönfeld).
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Masur, Klaus
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
29.2.1920
Breslau German |
Klaus Masur was born February 29, 1920, in Breslau.
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Matuszak, David (Mattuscak)
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
24.7.1917
Gelsenkirchen Polish |
David Matuszak was born on July 24, 1917, in Gelsenkirchen, the son of Hendryk Chaim Matuszak, from Kalisz (Poland), and Berta (née Gady), from Pabianice (Poland). One of eight children, he had three older siblings born in Kalisz: Hermann Matuszak (1911), Frieda (Franja) Matuszak (1913), and Abraham (1915), and four younger ones born in Gelsenkirchen: Fanny (1919), Max (1921), Cecilia (Cäcilie) Cilli (1923), and Adele (1927).
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Mendelsohn, Kurt
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
31.1.1921
Gr. Strelitz German |
Kurt Mendelsohn was born January 31, 1921, in Groß Strehlitz, Upper Silesia (now: Strzelce Opolskie, Poland).
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Meyer, Behrend (Meyer Berend, Leo), (Mayer, Berend Leo)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
26.2.1914
Hamburg German |
This passenger's name is listed three times, each with a different variation: |
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Münzer, Walter
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
28.4.1912
Berlin German |
Walter Münzer was born on April 28, 1912, in Berlin, Germany, the son of Max Münzer, from Popelken, East Prussia (now Prudovka, an abandoned locality in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia), and Hedwig Dzialowsky, from Kempen, Posen (now Kępno, Poland). He had one sister, Dorothea (1913).
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Naftalie, Erich
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
8.5.1920 Dortmund German |
Erich Naftalie was born on May 8, 1920, in Dortmund, the son of Wilhelm Naftalie, originally from Soldau, Pomerania (now Działdowo, Poland), and Rosa Naftaniel, originally from Lautenburg (now Lidzbark, Poland). He had a young brother, Hans Claus Naftalie (1930).
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Nattenheimer, Kurt
1937, Elgut
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The Deventer Society (Hasselo) | HASSELO 5 | p.a. Sanderman Papenstraat 45, Deventers |
4.8.1920
Hamburg German |
Kurt Nattenheimer (later: Aricha "Langer" Netta) was born on August 4, 1920, in Hamburg, the son of Siegfried Nattenheimer, from Regensburg, and Erna Speyer, from Göttingen.
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Niederman, Simon E.
ca 1941-1944
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
8.9.1920
Frankfurt German |
Simon Ernst Niederman (later: Shimon Navon) was born September 8, 1920, in Frankfurt Am Main, the son of Ferdinand Niedermann, from Sindolsheim, Baden, and Hedvic, née Strauss, from Frankfurt. He had one brother, Issak Kurt (1922).
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Noafeld, Wolfram
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
2.4.1921
Königsberg German |
Wolfram Noafeld was born April 2, 1921, in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
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Nussbaum, Paul, Karl
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.3.1920
Berlin German |
Paul Nussbaum (later: Yoram Nussbaum) was born on March 27, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Otto and Sophie Nussbaum. He had one brother.
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Ochs, Rudolf
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The Deventer Society (Ellecom) | ELLECOM | G. Frederiks, Binnenweg 25, Ellecom Frederiks. p.a. |
30.6.1918
St. Ingwert German |
Rudolf "Rudi" Ochs was born June 30, 1918, in Sankt Ingbert, Saarland, the son of Theodor Ochs, from Gemünden, Hunsrück, and Pauline (Paula) Scholem, from Odernheim am Glan. He had two siblings: Eva (1914) and Erich (1920).
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Oppenheimer, Markus
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
15.8.1919
Marktbreid German |
Markus Oppenheimer (later: Mordechai Oppeneimer) was born August (or September?) 15, 1919, in Marktbreid, Bavaria, the son of Issachar Bernhard Oppenheimer, a teacher from Marktbreid, and Klara, née Levy. He was the twelfth child out of fifteen. His siblings were: Jacob (1902), David (1908), twin sisters Gitta and Ester (1909), Gertel (1910), Avraham (1914), Samuel (1916), Tzilla (1922), Tamar (1923), Naftali (1925). His father died around 1925 when Markus was about 6 years old.
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Oppenheimer, Walter
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
30.12.1917
[Frankfurt a. Main] Stateless |
Walter Oppenheimer was born on December 30, 1917, in Frankfurt, the son of Joseph Seligman Oppenheimer, from Nieder-Mockstadt, near Frankfurt, and Josephina Veronica, née Jacobson, from Amsterdam. He had two siblings: Fanny Betty (1916), and Erich Kurt (1925). [Other online sources have eight siblings.]
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Pollak, Edmund
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The Deventer Society (Voorst) | VOORST | Gasthuismolensteeg 14, Amsterdam |
23.11.1913
Vienna German (Austrian) |
Edmund Pollak was born November 23, 1913, in Vienna, the son of Berthold Pollak and Jolanka/ Julie Blau. He had five siblings: Wilhelm (1905), Hans (1907), Lina (1908), Erwin (1911), and Franz (1918).
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Radzewski, Bernd
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
14.3.1916
Wriezen German |
Bernd Radzewski (later: Benjamin Radchewski) was born on March 14, 1916, in Wriezen, Brandenburg, 70 km east of Berlin, the son of David Radzewski, from Landsberg, East Prussia, (now Górowo, Poland) and Frieda Neustadt, from Kreis Rawitsch, Posen, Prussia (now Rawicz, Poland). He had a twin sister, Meta.
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Rath, Simon
1946
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
31.8.1919
Stanislawo Stateless |
Simon Rath (later: Shimon Rath) was born on August 31, 1919, in Stanislawów (now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Nathan Rath, a managing director, and Mina Stopper. His parents originally came from Ivano-Frankivska, Ukraine. Simon had three siblings: Erna (1910), Rubin Hersch (1908), and Gerson (1913).
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Rawet, Samuel (Samuel Judel)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
12.2.1918
Altona Polish |
Samuel Rawet (later: Shmuel Rawet) was born February 12, 1918, in Altona, the son of Yaakov David Rawet and Hanna Gitel Rawet (born Brendel). He had four siblings: Avraham (1913), Eliyahu, Menahem Tzvi, and Heinrich.
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Reens, Elias
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam | Pl.Muidergr. 27 |
3.10.1913 Amsterdam Dutch |
Elias Reens (later: Eliyahu Reens) was born October 3, 1913, in Amsterdam, the son of Levie (Louis Yehuda) Reens and Duifje (Dvora) Waagenaar. His father was a diamond cutter from Amsterdam. He had two brothers, Asher (1909) and Alexander (1918). His mother died in September 1932, when Elias was 18 years old.
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Riez, Hermann
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
9.9.1920
Miskolcz Hungarian |
Hermann Riez (later: Zvi Nachman Riez) was born on September 9, 1920, in Miskolcz (Miskolc, Miszkolc), Hungary, the son of Elek Eliahu Riez, a merchant from Transylvania, Romania, and Ilona (Khaia Helen) Rapaport, from Tokaj, Hungary. He had one brother: Simon Meshulam (1910), and one sister: Etel (Etelka, Ester) (1916).
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Roodveldt, Jakob
1958
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Berg-Stichting, Laren | Berg-Stichting, Laren |
3.9.1915
Amsterdam Dutch |
Jakob Roodveldt (later: Yacov Admon) was born on September 3, 1915, in Amsterdam, the son of Levie Isaac* (Yehuda) Roodveldt, a merchant, and Heintje (Heni) van Thijn, the middle child of a family of four sons and two daughters. His five siblings were Izak (1912), Mietje (Miriam, 1914), Anna (1917), Samuel (1918), and Abraham (1921).
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Roodveldt, Mietje
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam |
5.5.1914
Amsterdam Dutch |
Mietje Roodveldt was born on May 5, 1914, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Levie Isaac (Yehuda) Roodveldt and Heintje (Heni) van Thijn, in a family of six children.
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Rooz, Isaak (Isaac)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
22.2.1919
? Hungarian |
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Rosen, Bernhard
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
15.11.20
Magdeburg Stateless |
Bernhard Rosen was born November 15, 1920, in Magdeburg, the son of Jakob Schulim Rosen Weinberg, from Zdunska, and Rachel née Landsberg, from Tomaszow. Bernhard had two brothers: Chaim Heinrich Heini (1918) and Moritz (1924).
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Rosenberg, Heinz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
29.6.1917
Thorn German |
Heinz Rosenberg (later: Hanan Rosenberg) was born on June 29, 1917, in Thorn (now Torun, Poland), the son of Arthur Rosenberg, a merchant (businessman), and Gertrud, née Brenner. He had two siblings, Alice (1911) and Lutz (1913). His parents and younger siblings were originally from Schwetz (now Świecie, Poland). The family came to Thorn sometime between 1913 and 1917 where Heinz was born.
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Rosenberger, Emil
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The Deventer Society (Vierakker) | VIERAKKER | H. Wagenvoort, Vierakker |
12.1.1910
Iwan, Hungary German |
Emil Rosenberger (later: Yoram Rosenberger) was born January 12 1910 in Iwan (probably: Iván), (Austro Hungarian Empire, later Hungary), the son of Yitzhak Rosenberger and Katrina (?). His family moved to Austria, presumably following the dissolution of the Empire after 1918.
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Rosenblatt, Eli
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
30.6.1921
Berlin German |
Eli Rosenblatt (later: Abraham Eli Rosenblatt Karo) was born June 30, 1921, in Berlin, the son of Leo Yitzhak Yehuda Rosenblatt and Erna Karo. He had one sister.
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Rosenfeld, Josef, Joachim (Janos J. ?)
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
24.12.1913
Breslau German |
Appears on one list as "Janos J. Rosenfeld, Hong" (Hungarian), and as "Josef Joachim Rosenfeld, Hong, 24.12.13, Breslau". Assuming both entries point to the same person. Note that Breslau may denote his place of residence and not his place of birth. This person could also possibly be a brother of Frida Fuchs (née Rosenfeld) from Breslau, who had a brother named Hans Joachim Rosenfeld, born in 1913. |
Rottenberg, Luzia
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
22.8.1921
Vienna German (Austria) |
Luzia Rottenberg was born August 22, 1921, in Vienna, the daughter of Markus David Rottenberg and Regina (Rebekka) Rottenberg (née Nussen). Her parents were originally from Galicia (later Poland, now Ukraine) and came to Vienna in 1904. Her father was a self-employed merchant in the men's cloting business. She had one brother, Fritz Leo (1924).
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Rottenberg, Rubin
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Enschede Hachscharah Agudas Yisroel |
10.12.1915
Berlin Polish |
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Ruhemann, Ursula
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The Deventer Society (Zandvoort) | ZANDVOORT | p.a. Waldeck Breederoodeweg 45 a. |
28.2.1921
Berlin German |
Ursula Ruhemann (later: Ursula Bartur) was born February 28, 1921, in Berlin, the daughter of Paul Ruhemann (birth name Itzig), a grain merchant, and Hanna (Johanna), née Heymann, both from Berlin. She had one sister, Miriam (1923).
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Russ, Günter
|
The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | Gasthuismolensteeg 14, Amsterdam | 21.6.1914
Berlin German |
Günter Russ was born on June 21, 1914, in Berlin-Schöneberg, the son of Moritz Russ, originally from Jarocin, Prussia (later Poland), and Jettel, née Kaiser, from Koenigshuette, Silesia (later Chorzów, Poland).
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Sallein, Werner
|
Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
8.12.1918 Berlin German |
Werner Joseph Sallein was born December 8, 1918, in Berlin, the son of Hans (or Johannes) Sallein, a bank clerk, and Julia, née Joseph. He had two siblings: Ruth (1920), and Arno (1923).
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Sanders, Adolf
Holland, 1930s.
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The Deventer Society (Enschede) | ENSCHEDE | Prinsenstraat 12 |
27.2.1917
Arnhem Dutch |
Benjamin Adolf Sanders (later: Amos Sanders) was born on February 27, 1917, in Arnhem, Netherlands, the only child of Johan Ferdinand Sanders, a dentist, and Klara Sanders (née Gans), a housewife. His father died in November 1932 when Amos was 15 years old.
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Schelasnitzki, Horst
|
Kibbutz Misrachi, Franeker | Franeker, Harlingerweg 45 (Kibbutz Misrachi) |
1.6.1921
Darkehmen German |
Horst Schelasnitzki (later: Yitzhak Schelasnitzki) was born on June 1, 1921, in Darkehmen, East Prussia (later: Angerapp, Germany, now Ozyorsk - Russia), the son of Bernhard Schelasnitzki, originally from Mielitzken Olecko, East Prussia, (now Poland), and Selma, née Kuschinski, from Landsberg, East Prussia (now Poland). He had two (or possibly three) siblings, Marga (1923), and Manfred (1927).
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Scheuer, Kurt
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
19.8.1919
Heilbronn German |
Kurt Scheuer (later: Reuven Scheuer) was born in Heilbronn on August 19, 1919, the son of Aaron Albert Scheuer and Emma, née Neu. He had two siblings, Ruth (1912) and Paul Joseph (1915).
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Schönebaum, Heinz
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The Deventer Society (Deventer) | DEVENTER | Papenstraat 45 B. Oosterink, Brinkweg 28, Rheden |
23.4.1917
Heurden German |
Heinz Schönebaum (later: Chanoch Ilan) was born on April 23, 1917, in Dortmund-Hörde, the third child of Emil Schönebaum, a day laborer from Dortmund-Hörde, and Bertha, née Mueller, from Baden bei Wien in Austria. He had three siblings: Liesel (1912), Alfred (1914), and Gerhard (1919) (Gerd, later Gad Ilan).
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Selka, Hermann
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
11.9.1919
Frankfurt am Main German |
Hermann Selka (later: Zvi Selka) was born in Frankfurt am Main on September 11, 1919, the son of Fritz Shlomo Selka, a businessman, and Sophie, née Kochmann. He had three siblings: Harry (1923), and twins Dorothea (Dorle) (1927) and Alfred (1927) .
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Siegel, Kurt
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
8.7.1921 Altona German |
Kurt Siegel (later Shimshon Eschel) was born July 8, 1921, in Hamburg (Altona), the son of Karl Kurt Siegel, from Landau In Der Pfalz, and Berta Lucie, née Fallek, from Hamburg. He had one brother, Gerd (1925).
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Sigal, Markus (Segal)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
29.4.1918* Groningen* Dutch |
Marcus Segal was born on April 29, 1918, in Amsterdam, the son of Abraham Segal and Leentje van Sijs. He had five siblings: Sipora (1913), Isaac (1916), Sara (1920), Betje (1922), and Reina (1925).
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Silberstein, Hermann
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.1.1921
Berlin German |
Hermann Benjamin Silberstein was born January, 27, 1921, in Berlin, the son of Karl Silberstein, originally from Posen, Prussia (now Poznan, Poland), and Gertrud, née Herzfeld, from Berlin. He had two sisters, one 20 years older, and the other 11 years older.
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Simonis, Heinz
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(Zeddam) | ZEDDAM | Gasthuismolensteeg 14, Amsterdam |
30.4.1919
Berlin German |
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Singer, Ascher
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
16.12.1920 or 26.12.1920 ? Ustrzyki Polish |
Ascher Singer was born on December 16 (or 26?), 1920, in Ustrzyki Dolne, Poland.
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Singer, Michael
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
4.2.1912
Baden (Austria) German (Austrian) |
Michael Singer was born in Baden near Vienna on February 4, 1912, the son of Arnold Singer, and Josephine Ernestine Singer (born Schap). Both parents were originally from Bratislava, Slovakia and came to Baden in 1911. Michael had four siblings: Lilli (1914), Edith (1919), Leopold (1921), and Franziska (1933).
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Sondheimer, Ewald
|
The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | Frederikstr. I8 a. |
16.8.1919
Neuhof German |
Ewald Sondheimer (later: Shlomo Sondheimer) was born on August 16, 1919, in Neuhof near Fulda, Germany, the son of Nathan Sondheimer, a merchant from Utrichshausen, and Lina Sommer, from Heinebach. He had two older sisters, Elli (1912) and Liesel (1914).
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Sonnenberg, Fritz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
14.8.1921
Koblenz German |
Gerhard Siegfried "Fritz" Sonnenberg was born on August 14, 1921, in Koblenz, the son of Moses Sonnenberg and Irma, née Blum, both from Germany. He had one brother, Paul (1925).
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Spatz, Max (Maks)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
1.4.1920
Worms Polish |
Max Spatz (later: Menachem Spac) was born in Worms on April 1, 1920, the son of Moses (Moritz) Spatz, a merchant originally from Nowy Sącz (Neu-Sandec, Galicia), and Beila (Berta, Bertha), née Friedmann, from Będzin (Poland). Max had a twin sister Rosel (Rosalie) Spatz. Their mother died in February 1923 when Max was not yet three years old.
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Spitzer, Gerda
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk |
26.8.1918
Baden German (Austrian) |
Gerda Spitzer (later: Gerda Cohn) was born August 26, 1918, in Vienna, the daughter of Dr. Alfred Spitzer and Stefanie Spitzer (born Hauser), originally from Nikolsburg, Czechoslovakia. She had one sister, Erika (1917).
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Spuch, Oskar
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
2.1.1918
Wieden Polish |
Oskar Spuch (later: Yehoshua Shpuch) was born January 2, 1918, in the Wieden district of Vienna, the son of Mendel (Menachem) Spuch and Perel (Pnina) Treister*, from Shinova (Sieniawa), Poland. He was born to a family of 3 children. One older brother, Alfred, was born in 1911 in Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Steiner, Ladislaw (Laszlo)
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The Deventer Society (Deventer) | DEVENTER | Papenstraat 45, Deventer |
5.11.1911
Hüdin (Huedin) Hungarian |
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Steinhof, Ludwig
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The Deventer Society (Gouda) | GOUDA | Catharina-Hoeve,R.v. Catsweg 61, Gouda |
13.11.1917
Mattesburg* German |
Ludwig Steinhof (later: Levi Steinhoff) was born November 13, 1917 in Mattersdorf, Hungary (now Mattesburg, Austria), the son of Adolf Abraham Aharon Steinhof, a merchant from Mattersdorf, and Sofie (Zisel), née Löbl, from Gloggnitz. He had seven siblings: Paul (Moshe Yehuda) (1904), Phillip (1905), Jolan (Yoland) (1907), Renée (Shoshana) (1909), Hilda (Tzipporah) (1912), Josef Meir (1915-1934), and Adalbert (Shimon) (1921).
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Stern, Günter
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
28.9.1921 Breslau German |
Günter Stern (later: Daniel Stern) was born on September 28, 1921, in Breslau, the son of Emil Stern, a merchant from Halle, and Ella Bertha Stern (born Just) from Krosno Odrzanskie (Prussia, now Poland). He had one brother, Hans Rolf (1920). His father died in 1928 when Günter was seven years old and his mother wed Franz Orgler in a second marriage.
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Sternberg, Rafael
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
4.5.1920
Berlin German |
Rafael Sternberg (later: Rafi Kochavi) was born in Berlin on May 4, 1920, the son of Louis Eugen Sternberg and Rosa Sternberg (born Davidsohn). He had two siblings, the twins Joachim and Miriam (1922).
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Sternfeld, Fritz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
15.8.1914
Halle German |
Fritz Wilhelm Sternfeld was born on August 15, 1914, in Halle a. d. Salle. Fritz Sternfeld lived in Halle in the 1930s and in Leipzig. He also resided at some point in Berlin, Charlottenburg, and worked as a trainee in a foundry. He was imprisonned for a month from July 27, 1935 to August 29, 1935. The early date of his incarceration is unusual for Dora passengers, almost all of whom were arrested following the November Pogrom. The reason for his arrest is not known and could point to political activity. Fritz Sternfeld left Germany, possibly as early as 1935, and came to the Netherlands where he attended Werkdorp Wieringermeer to prepare for this immigration. Sources: |
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Stoppelmann, Max
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
19.5.1919
Hamburg German |
Max Stoppelmann (later: Meir Stoppelmann) was born on May 19, 1919, in Hamburg, the son of Gerson Stoppelmann and Auguste, née Loebenstein, both from Hamburg. Max had four siblings: Greta (1907), Hedwig (1910), Alfred (1911), and Ilse (1918). Max's mother died in 1935 when he was 16 years old.
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Stopper, Arthur
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
25.12.1920
Bochum Stateless |
Arthur Stopper was born on December 25, 1920, in Bochum, the son of Leib Leo Stopper, from Solotvyn, and Lotte Rothbaum, from Krekhovychi. His parents originally came from the Ivano-Frankivsk region in Galicia (now Ukraine). He had one younger brother Sigmund (1922).
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Strassburger, Berthold
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
13.10.1918
Ulm German |
Berthold Strassburger (later: Baruch Savir) was born in Ulm on October 13, 1918, the eldest son of Rabbi Dr. Ferdinand (Nathan) Strasburger and Alice, née Nördlinger, both formerly from Bad Buchau. He had one brother, Helmut (Hanan) (1923).
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Strauss, Hans
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
8.11.1914
Westerburg* German |
Hans Strauss (later: Chaim Strauss) was born on November 8, 1914, in Westerburg, the son of Salomon Strauss, a cattle trader originally from Willmenrod, and Hanna Strauss (born Michael), from Muenchholzhausen. Hans had three siblings: Julius, Kurt (Shmuel) (1923), and Brunhilde (Hilda) (1928). [Other sources have two additional siblings: Walter and Hanna].
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Strauss, Josef
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The Deventer Society (Krajenburg bij Hengelo) | KRAJENBURG bij HENGELO | Papenstraat 45, Deventer |
5.4.1916
Bamberg German |
Josef Strauss (later: Yoseph Yaen) was born on April 5, 1916, in Bamberg, the son of Julius Strauß and Rosa, née Katz. He had one brother, Hans (1909).
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Taubes, Mirjam
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
13.11.1919
Baden German |
Mirjam Taubes was born on November 30, 1919, in Baden, Austria, a spa town near Vienna, the daughter of Dr. David Taubes, from Babin, Rumania, and Breindel Reich. She had one younger sister, Noemi (1922).
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Tausz, Jene (Jennö)
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The Deventer Society (Assumburg) | Assumburg: Heemskerk | Assumburg Youth Hostel, Heemskerk |
30.7.1918
Pápa Hungarian |
Jene (Jennö? Jannö?) Tausz was born on July 30, 1918, in Päpa, Hungary, a small town 75 miles (120 kms) from Budapest, with a Jewish population of 3,000 in 1920. He came from Budapest on 16 June 1938 to the Deventer Association building at the Brink 70 in Deventer and left for Deurningen a week later. He may have stayed with the Arnold ten Kate family at Deurningen no. 17. No further information is available. Sources: |
Teichmann, Benno
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
19.10.1921
Breslau German |
Benno Teichmann was born on October 19, 1921, in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), the son of Carl Teichman, from Schreibendorf, and Chaya Anne née Zolotoyabko, from Svir, in the Vilna region, Russia (now Belarus). He had three siblings: Käthe (1919), Esther (1920), and Genia ("Pozzi"?)(later: Shulamit) (1927). He had a half-brother: Alfred, and a half-sister: Wilma.
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Timendorfer, Heinrich
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam | Uithoornstr. 44 |
7.4.1917
Pless German |
Heinrich Timendorfer (later: Shmuel Timnah) was born on April 7, 1917, in Pless, Schlesien (now Pszczyna, Poland), the son of Arthur Timendorfer, a merchant originally from Kattowitz, Upper Silesia, (now Katowice, Poland), and Johanna (Hanna), née Guttmann, from Tarnowice. He had one brother, Günter Timendorfer (1919).
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van Amerongen, Emil
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The Deventer Society (Buurssen, em. Haaksbergen) | Buurssen (em. Haaksbergen) |
13.6.1918
Haarlem Dutch |
Emanuel ("Emil") van Amerongen (later: Menachem Amram) was born on June 13, 1918, in Haarlem, the son of Abraham van Amerongen, the owner of a bookshop, originally from Haarlem, and Saartje (Sara), née Peper, from Amsterdam. He had two siblings, Marie (1913), and Juda (1915).
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Verdoner, Alida
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The Deventer Society (Amsterdam) | Amsterdam |
22.4.1918
Amsterdam Dutch |
Alida Verdoner (later: Eliza Luft) was born on April 22, 1918, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Moses Verdoner, originally from London, and Naatje Zurel, born in Amsterdam. She had nine siblings: Benedictus (1900), Joachim (1902), Jozef Jacob (1904), Marianne (1906), Kaatje (1907), Isaac (1910), Samuel (1911), Nathan (1914) and Abraham (1916). Her mother died in 1932 when Alida was 14 years old.
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Wajntrob, Dwojra (Waintrob, Dwoire, Deborah)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
6.10.1917
Warschau Polish |
Possibly Dwojra Wajntrot, born on July 6, 1917, in Warsaw, from a post-war employment record dated 1934 in Fulda. Sources: |
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Warschawzik, Ernst
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The Deventer Society (Hengelo) | HENGELO | Deldenerstr. 57 |
4.5.1919
Copenhagen Danzig |
Ernst Warschawzik (later: David Eron, "Dudi"), was born in Copenhagen on May 4, 1919, the son of Owssei Chaim Warschawzik, originally from Kovno, Russia (now Kaunas, Lithuania), and Roza, née Schapira, from Danzig. He had two sisters: Mira (1902), and Ruth (1911).
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Weinberg, Karla
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
29.6.1909
Hamburg German |
Karla Weinberg (later: Karla Goldschmidt) was born on June 29, 1909, in Hamburg, the daughter of Adolf Weinberg, a goldsmith, and Eva (Chava) Weinberg (née Lazarus). Her father died in 1918 when Karla was 9 years old.
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Weinberg, Klaus
1946
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
27.5.1916
Wupperthal German |
Klaus Weinberg (later: Dov Weinberg) was born on May 27, 1916, in Wuppertal (Barmen-Elberfeld).
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Weinberg, Ruth
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
2.3.1922
Dortmund German |
Ruth Erika Weinberg was born on March 2, 1922, in Dortmund.
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Weisskopf, Herwarth (Herward)
1946
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.3.1917
Ratibor German |
Herward Weisskopf (later Zwi Weisskopf) was born March 7, 1917, in Ratibor (now Racibórz, Poland), the son of Isidor (Yitzhak, Izi) and Tzila Weisskopf (née Schuettenberg). He had two siblings, Michael, and Fritz (later: Shalom Hermon).
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Windmuller, Isaak
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The Deventer Society |
29.10.1915
Emden Stateless |
Isaak Windmüller (later: Yitzhak Windmuller) was born October 29, 1915, in Emden, Germany, the son of Moritz Windmüller, a butcher and cattle dealer, and Jette Windmüller (née Seligmann), He had four siblings: Salomon (1910), Max (1920), Ruth (1923) and Emil (1924).
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Wittner, Franz
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
7.9.1916
Berlin German |
Franz Otto Wittner (later: Frank Wittner) was born September 7, 1916, in Berlin. He had (at least) one brother, Heinz (ca 1914).
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Wollenberg, Rita
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The Deventer Society (Brummen) | Brummen | p.a. Beker |
23.7.1920
Elberfeld German |
Rita Wollenberg (later: Rita Yaen) was born July 23, 1920, in Elberfeld, the daughter of Arthur Wollenberg and Chana Hanna Capell. She had one younger brother, Felix (1922).
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Wolff, Fritz
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The Deventer Society (Deurningen) | DEURNINGEN | H. Leufeld, Deutningen H.6o |
1.10.1914
Bingerbrück German |
Fritz Wolff (later: Yehuda Wolff) was born October 1, 1914, in Bingerbrück, the son of Moritz Wolf and Elisabeth Else Seligman. He had two sisters: Margot (1913) and Ruth (1918).
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Wolff, Willy, Günter
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(Delden) | Delden: Wiene G.79 | G.Wijnbergen,G.79, Wiene, Ambt-Delden |
5.2.1918 Strigau German |
Willi Günter Wolff (later: Gideon Wolff) was born February 5, 1918, in Strigau, the son of Michael and Emmy Wolff.
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Wolkowicz, Szyje, (Wollkowicz, Szyje)
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) |
Amsterdam | Jekerstr. 5 |
4.3.1919
Zelow Stateless |
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Worms, Hetty (Heintje)
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The Deventer Society (Den Haag) | DEN HAAG |
15.12.1916
Amsterdam Dutch |
Heintje Worms (later: Hetty Levi) was born on December 15, 1916, in Amsterdam, the daughter of Abraham Worms and Sophia Kesner. She had six siblings: Sara Amanda (1911), Jacob (1912), Betje (1914), Leendert (1915), Salomon (1918), and Jozeph (1920).
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Wreschinski, Walter
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The Deventer Society (Warnsveld) | WARNSVELD | Rouvenhorst Gasthuismolensteeg 14, Amsterdam |
26.10.1920
Berlin* German |
Walter Wreschinski was born on October 26, 1920, in Kranz, Posen, Prussia (now Kręcko, in Poznan, Poland), the son of Ernst Jacob Wrzeszinski, from Wreschen, Posen, (now Września, Poland), and Käthe, née Lewy, from Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). Walter had one sister, Ruth Jutta Cäcilie (1924).
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Zobel, Alfred
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Werkdorp Wieringermeer | Werkdorp Wieringermeer |
4.2.1911
Berlin German |
Alfred Zobel (later: Asher Tzobel) was born in Berlin on February 4, 1911, the son of Nathan Zobel and Bianca, née Zobel. The youngest of four children, Alfred had three sisters: Lucy (1898), Edith (1899), and Leonie (1905).
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List 2: List of Passengers who boarded the Dora in Antwerp, 19 July 1939
Source: The Foreign Police in Belgium ARA; Foreign Police files, A177.761 (via Janiv Stamberger)
The list contains 171 names: 108 men and 63 women.
The names are listed in the same order as that from the original passenger list. The last eight names, starting with Mordohe Deresiewicz, are not in alphabetical order, suggesting these passengers were last-minute additions to the list.
The Antwerp list only contains names and dates of birth. All additional information (place of birth and nationality) is derived from other sources and is indicated by square brackets ("[]").
| Name |
D.O.B from list (dd.mm.yy)
[Place of birth] [Nationality] |
Bio |
Arndt, Erna
|
14.11.1906
[Liegnitz] |
Erna Arndt (née Koenigsberger) was born on November 14, 1906, in Liegnitz, Silesia, now Legnica, Poland), the daughter of Paul Koenigsberger, a medical doctor, and Lydia née Janower. She had one brother, Franz (1901).
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Arndt, Georg
|
30.5.1896
[Regenwalde] |
Georg Arndt was born in May 1896 in Regenwalde, Pomerania, Prussia, (now Resko, Poland), the son of Georg Arndt, a medical doctor, and Rosa née Lichtenstein. Georg had two sisters, Helene and Henriette (1892) and a brother, Leopold Felix. Georg's mother died on the year of his birth, in 1896. His father wed in a second marriage Luise Rudolphsohn. His father died in 1932.
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Aron, Hella
|
8.12.1920
[ Dortmund ] |
Hella Aron Przemyslaw (later: Hella Halpern) was born December 8, 1920, in Dortmund, the daughter of Chaim Przemyslav, a merchant originally from Szydłowiec, Russia (now Poland), and Rachel Lea, née Aharon, from Ulanow, Austrian Galicia (now Ulanów, Poland). She had (at least) two sisters: Sabine (1928), and Jenny (1930).
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Atlasz, Ilse
|
14.7.1904
[ Berlin ] |
Ilse Atlasz was born July 14, 1904, in Berlin. [presumed sister: Rita (1906)]. At the time of the German Minority Census, on May 17 1939, she lived in Berlin, Wilmersdorf (Trautenaustr. 16,II) with Rita Atlasz (1906), presumably a sister. Nothing more is known about her. Sources: |
Austern, lsrael
|
18.4.1908 |
Israel Austern was born April 18, 1908. No other information is available about him or his family.
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Bauer, Hilde
|
18.1.1919
[Gießen] |
Hilde Bauer (later: Hilde Krauthammer) was born on January 18, 1919, in Gießen, the daughter of Moses Moritz Bauer, from Leihgestern Gießen, and Ida née Joseph, from Allendorf. She had two siblings: Margot (1913), and Helmut (1916).
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Beer, Berthold
|
8.9.1907
[ Leipzig ] [ Stateless ] |
Berthold Beer was born September 8, 1907, in Leipzig. [Presumed parents: Jacob Beer and Mary Beer (Bierer). Presumed siblings: Martin (1910), Paula (1916)) and Charlotte (1923).]
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Berger, Felix
|
29.3.1917
[ Vienna ] |
Felix Berger was born on March 29, 1917, in Vienna, the son of Arnold Moses Berger-Löfkovics (Arnold Gems F Berger), originally from Lemberg (Lviv), and Gertruda Feiwelsohn (Gertrude Gems Berger), from Vienna. He had a younger sister, Gisella (1919).
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Bier, Anni
|
31.10.1914
[ Duisburg ] |
Anna Bier (later: Anna Karliner) was born in Duisburg on October 31, 1914, the daughter of Paul Paisech Bier, originally from Łańcut, and Rachel Regina née Kleinmann, from Sokolow.
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Boehm, Gert
|
3.10.1920
[ Allenstein ] |
Gert Boehm was born October 3, 1920, in Allenstein, East Prussia (now Olsztyn, Poland). No further information is available. Sources: |
Brand, Grete
|
8.4.1911
[ Berlin ] |
Grete Brand (née Linkowski, later: Tovah Brand), was born on April 8, 1911, in Berlin, the daughter of Salomon Linkowski and Chana Rivka, née Rossner. She had three siblings, including a siter, Ruth.
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Brand, Manfred
|
30.5.1909
[ Berlin ] |
Manfred Brand (later: Mordechai Brand) was born May 30, 1909, in Berlin, the son of Ezekiel (Yecheskiel) Brand and ?.
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Bronstein, Gregor
|
12.2.1921 | |
Buchaster, Berta
|
27.10.1913
[ Leipzig ] [Polish] |
Berta Buchaster (later: Berta Bromberger) was born October 27, 1913, in Leipzig, the daughter of Chaim Leib Buchaster and Feige Rachel (Ruchl, Ruchel) née Hasenlauf. Her parents were originally from Bochnia in Galicia (Austria-Hungary). The couple had thirteen children, two of which died as infants and a third, Leon David Buchaster, at the age of nine in 1924. Berta's siblings were: Hermann Osias (1904), Toni (1906), Jacob (1907), Marie (1911), Nathan (1912), Elias (Eliyahu) (1916), Isaak (1920), Ester Elsa (1921) and Simi Selma (1923).
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Buchaster, Marja
|
9.4.1911
[ Leipzig ] [Polish] |
Marja (Marie) Buchaster (later Miriam Stienmesser) was born April 9, 1911, in Leipzig, the daughter of Chaim Leib Buchaster and Feige Rachel Ruchl née Hasenlauf. Her parents were originally from Bochnia in Galicia (Austria-Hungary). The couple had thirteen children, two of which died as infants and a third, Leon David Buchaster, at the age of nine in 1924. Marie's siblings were: Hermann Osias (1904), Toni (1906), Jacob (1907), Nathan (1912), Berta (1913), Elias (Eliyahu) (1916), Isaak (1920), Ester Elsa (1921) and Simi Selma (1923).
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Buchaster, Nathan
|
13.9.1912
[ Leipzig ] [Polish] |
Nathan Buchaster was born on September 13, 1912, in Leipzig, the son of Chaim Leib Buchaster and Feige Rachel Ruchl née Hasenlauf. His parents were originally from Bochnia in Galicia (Austria-Hungary). The couple had thirteen children, two of which died as infants and a third, Leon David Buchaster, at the age of nine in 1924. Nathan's siblings were: Hermann Osias (1904), Toni (1906), Jacob (1907), Marie (Marja) (1911), Berta (1913), Elias (Eliyahu) (1916), Isaak (1920), Ester Elsa (1921) and Simi Selma (1923).
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Burak, Paul
|
30.7.1900
[Leipzig] [German] |
Paul Burak (later: Pinchas Burak) was born on July 30, 1900, in Leipzig, the son of Moshe Borak, from Kolomyya (Ukraine) and Klara Bratel, from Eisleben (Germany). He had two brothers, Arthur Avraham (1902) and Wilhelm "Willy" (Ze'ev) (1905), and a sister, Marie (1907).
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Celnik, Abram
|
14.5.1894
[ Zgierz ] |
Abram Celnik was born on May 14, 1894, in Zgierz near Łódź (Poland), the son of Mordechai Celnik.
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Celnik, Ziporja
|
18.3.1892
[ Zgierz ] |
Ziporja Celnik (née Jakobowicz) was born March 18, 1892, in Zgierz (Poland).
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Cisinsky, Heinz
|
30.3.1915
[Leipzig] [Stateless] |
Heinz Cisinsky (later: Henry Cisinski) was born on March 30, 1915 in Leipzig, the son of Adolf Cisinsky, a furrier from Galicia (now Poland), and Lina Cisinsky, from Udersleben, Thüringia. He had two siblings: Ruth (1918) and Rolf (1919).
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Cohen, Artur
|
16.11.1901
[Zossen] |
Artur Cohen was born November 16, 1901, in Zossen, about 20 miles (30km) south of Berlin.
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Danziger, Bruno
|
1.12.1906
[ Gleiwitz ] |
Bruno Danziger was born on December 1, 1906, in Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia, Germany (now Gliwice, Poland).
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Dorn, Netanel
|
30.8.1916
[ Warsaw ] |
Netanel (Nathaniel) Dorn was born August 30, 1916, in Warsaw, the son of Jakob Dorn, a merchant originally from Warsaw, and Dina, née Grünhaus. He had two siblings: Moshe (Morris) (1912), and Pola (Pnina) (1914).
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Eichwald, Theodor
|
14.6.1902
[Breslau] |
Theodor Eichwald was born on June 14, 1902, in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), the son of Salomon Eichwald and Fanny née Armer. He had two brothers, Ernst (1895) and Fritz (1897).
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Eisner, Salli
|
4.6.1916
[Duisburg] |
Salomon (Salli) Eisner was born on June 4, 1916, in Duisburg, the son of Mozes Gedalja Eisner and Mircia née Mandellaub, both from Kolomea, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Kolomyia, Ukraine). He had two brothers, Aron Adolf (1913 - ?), and David (1919 - 1939).
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Feldmann, Chana
|
2.5.1909 |
Hanna Feldmann is mentioned in Günter Stillmann's memoir "Berlin - Palästina und zurück" (p.78) as one of only three Communists on the Dora besides him.
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Fink, Isidor (Isy)
|
3.12.1919
[Cologne] [German] |
Isidor Fink (later: Yitzhak Fink, Izzy) was born on December 3, 1919, in Cologne, the son of Aharon Fink and Sarah Neumann. He had two sisters, Bracha (1922), and [מירהל'ה] .
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Finn, Hilde
|
3.10.1917 [Berlin] [Stateless; previously: German] |
Hilde Judith Finn (later: Hilde Nemet) was born October 13, 1917, in Berlin, the daughter of Hermann and Leah Finn.
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Frank, Robert
|
15.3.1902
[Vienna] |
Robert Frank was born on March 15, 1902, in Vienna, the son of Julius (Jules, Gyula) Frank, a leather merchant originally from from Majteny (?) in Hungary, and Rosa Krakauer, from Vienna. He had one sister, Erna (1908).
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Fuchs, Frieda
|
3.12.1907
[ Breslau ] |
Frieda Fuchs (née Rosenfeld) was born on December 3, 1907, in Breslau, (other sources: Ostrava) Germany, the daughter of Anton Rosenfeld, from Budapest (other sources: Ostrava), and Klara Rosenfeld (née Militscher), from Pleszew (Prussia, Poland). She had a sister, Margot (1906), and at least two brothers: Hans Joachim (ca. 1913) and Rudolf (ca. 1916).
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Fuchs, Paul
|
29.3.1908
[ Breslau ] |
Paul Fuchs was born on March 29, 1908, in Breslau, Germany, of a Jewish father and a Christian mother, Emma (née Fischer). He had at least three brothers and one sister: Fritz (1896), Siegfried (1906), Herbert (1908), and Sophie (1909).
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Fuerst, Gisela
|
30.12.1904 Berlin |
Gisela Fuerst née Marcu was born on December 30, 1904, in Berlin, the daughter of Jancu Marcu, from Dorohoi, Rumania, and Hedwig, née Jacobsohn, from Rehden über Diepholz. She had (at least) one sister, Herta (1907).
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Fuerst, Osias
|
13.10.1898
[ Gorlice ] |
Osias Fuerst (originally Szyje; later Yehoshua) was born on October 13,1898, in Gorlice, Austria-Hungary (now Poland), the son of Nechemia. He *may have had three siblings: Laja (1897), Mojżesz (1901), and Róża (1903).
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Gallewski, Josef
|
21.5.1917
[ Posen ] [ Polish ] |
Josef Gallewski was born May 21, 1917, in Posen, Prussia (now Poznań, Poland), the son of Max (Moses) Gallewski, and Ernestine née Schäfer. He had four siblings: Hermann (1912), Saul (1913), Minna (1915) and Recha (1920).
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Gaenser, Ella
|
19.2.1921
[ Hamburg ] |
Ella Gaenser (later: Ella Yaffa Traube) was born on February 19, 1921 in Hamburg, the daughter of Chaim Karl Gaenser, originally from Galicia (now Poland), and Rivka née Ratenbach - Rappaport, also from Galicia (now Ukraine). She had a younger brother, Max (Mendel), born in 1925.
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Gerson, Julius
|
10.1.1903
[ Fulda ] |
There is some uncertainty about Julius Gerson's early life. Details about his parents and siblings is not confirmed. Julius Gerson was born January 10, 1903, in Fulda, (presumably) the son of Israel Gerson, from Mittelsinn, Bayern, and Hannchen née Stern, from Fulda. Julius had ten* siblings: Bertha (1891), Philipp (1893), Wilhelm (1894), Emilie (1895), Gertrude (1896), Max (1898), Paul (1900), Gustav (1901), Karl (1905) and Ruth (1906).
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Goldberg, Ruth
|
7.7.1918 |
Ruth Johanna Goldberg was born on July 7, 1918. She lived in Erfurt, Thuringia. Nothing more is known about her. |
Goldenhar, Abraham
|
12.9.1916 [ Warsaw ] |
Abraham Goldenhar (later: Abraham Shoam) was born on September 12, 1916, in Warsaw, the son of Mendel (Menahem) Goldenhar and Faiige Mindel (Tzipora) Lipschitz. He had three siblings: Sarah (1906 or 1907), Rachel (Ruchla) (1918 or 1919) and David (1928).
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Goldenhar, Hanni
|
11.8.1919
[Rotterdam] |
Henny Goldenhar née Einhorn (later: Henny Shoam) was born August 11, 1919, in Rotterdam, the daughter of Ben-Zion and Rosa Einhorn. Her parents were originally from Hungary. She had three brothers: Zvi Hirsch Meir Einhorn, Hanoch Einhorn (later: Arnon), and Zalman Einhorn.
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Goldstein, Arthur
|
5.1.1920
[ Duisburg ] |
Artur Goldstein was born January 5, 1920 in Duisburg, the son of Max Moses Goldstein, a merchant originally from Krefeld (Prussia), and Fanny Feige Goldstein (née Schurberg). He had two sisters, Bernhardine (1917), and Edith (1922).
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Goldstein, Joseph
|
26.12.1915
[ Pyhanken ] |
Joseph Goldstein was born December 26, 1915 in Pyhanken (now Běhánky, Czechoslovakia), the son of Pinhas (Pinkas) Goldstein and Chana Ruchla Goldstein (née Gablinger). He had four siblings: Chaja Dwore (1913), Rebeka Lea (1920), Sara Rzyndla (1922), and Jakob Mosejez (1925).
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Goldstein, Kadisch
|
27.8.1910
Sankt Petersburg |
Kadisch Goldstein was born August 27, 1910, in Sankt Petersburg (Saint Petersburg, Leningrad), Russia.
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Gotthilf, Herbert
|
22.8.1910
[Bärwalde] [German] |
Herbert Gotthilf was born August 22, 1910, in Bärwalde, the son of Siegmund Gotthilf and Elsbeth (Else) Rosen. He had three siblings: Günther (1914), Ruth (1919) and Elinor Margarete Gretel (1921).
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Grun, Mendel
|
16.6.1915 | |
Gutmann, Eva
|
16.8.1920
[Berlin] |
Eva Gutmann was born August 16, 1920, in Berlin, the daughter of Siegfried Gutmann, merchant, and Käthe née Rosenstern. The family lived on Speyererstraße in Berlin-Schöneberg. Eva's mother died in July 1936, when Eva was 15 years old.
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Gutmann, Naumi
|
10.5.1920
[ Köln ] |
Noemi Guttmann was born on May 10, 1920, in Köln.
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Haase, Gisela
|
29.4.1903
[ Vienna ] |
Gisela Haase (née Fränkel) was born April 29, 1903, in Vienna, the daughter of Alwin Fränkel and Röschen Flatow. Her siblings were Herbert (1901), Walter (1905), Lina (1906), and possibly Hermine (1899).
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Haase, Kurt
|
23.1.1905
Santomischel |
Kurt Haase was born January 23, 1905, in Santomischel, Posen, (now Zaniemysl, Poland), the son of Bernhard Haase and Dorothea Boroschek. He had four siblings: Alfred (1903), Siegfried (Sigi) (1906), Herbert (1909), and Sofie (1914).
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Halpern, Leo
|
31.12.1920
[Berlin] |
Leo Halpern (later: Arieh Halpern) was born on December 31, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Selig Halpern, a merchant, and Cilly (Tzvia), née Weissberg. Both parents were originally from Stanislawow (Stanislau), Austria-Hungary (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). He presumably had (at least) two sisters: Sprincie (Sprinzie) (1907), and Malwine (1908).
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Hanauer, Lothar
|
30.3.1907
[ Wiesenfeld ] |
Lothar Hanauer (later: Yehuda Naor) was born on March 30, 1907, in Wiesenfeld, Thuringia, Germany, the son of Moses Hanauer, from Weisenfeld, and Pauline née Steinheimer, from Niederwerrn. Lothar had five siblings: Irma (1903), Benno (1904), Erna (1910), Max (1912), and Ida (1917).
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Hecht, Herbert
|
5.9.1912
[ Beuthen ] |
Herbert Hecht (Chaim Hadar) was born September 5, 1912, in Beuthen, Germany (now Bytom, Poland), the son of Jacob Hecht, a merchant, and Emma Leschziner. He had five siblings: Kaethe (1910), Ilse (1914), Hildegard (1916), Irma (1919) and Ruth (or Rudi?) (1922).
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Hecht, Ruth
|
29.6.1912 [ Langendorf ] |
Ruth Hecht, née Frey, (later: Ruth Hadar) was born on June 29, 1912, in Langendorf, Tost-Gleiwitz, Schlesien, (or Gleiwitz, Germany (now Gliwice, Poland)?), the daughter of Wilhelm Frey and Clara Kallmann. She had two siblings, Hertha (1907-1937), and Hans Joachim Frey (1909 - 1951). Her father Wilhelm Frey died in 1930 when Ruth was 18 years old.
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Heimann, Sally
|
25.12.1907
[ Schwanfeld ] |
Saul Sally Heimann was born December 25, 1907, in Schwanfeld, Bavaria, the son of David Heimann and Regina Bachmann. He had seven siblings: Marta (1898), Selma (1899), Clara (1900), Max (1901), Bella (1903), Gretchen (1906) and Frieda (1914). His father died in 1931.
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Heller, Dora
|
23.6.1920
[ Chemnitz ] |
Dora Heller was born June 23, 1920, in Chemnitz, Germany. At the time of the May 1939 German Minoriy Census, she lived in Chemnitz. She left Chemnitz and came to Antwerp sometime between mid-May and mid-July 1939, from where she boarded the Dora. |
Herzberg, Samuel
|
26.2.1912
[Poland] |
Samuel Herzberg was born on February 26, 1912, in Poland, the son of Yaakov Gershon and Frida Hertzberg.
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Heumann, Erna
|
21.4.1913
[ Eschweiler ] |
Erna Heumann was born April 21, 1913, in Eschweiler, Germany, the daughter of Philipp Heumann, a butcher from Eschweiler, and Bertha, née Daniel. She had two siblings: one half brother, Leopold (Leo) (1903), and one brother: Alexander (Alex) (1907). Her father died in January 1921 when Erna was 7 years old. Her mother died seven years later in 1928* when Erna was 15. (* other sources have 1938)
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Honik, Szarlotte
|
9.5.1912? 9.5.1917* |
The passenger listed as Szarlotte Honik may actually be Szarlotta Honi. She was born on May 9, 1912 (and not 1917 as on the passenger list). Sources: |
Hoffmann, Erich
|
4.4.1916
[Wolbeck] [German] |
Erich Hoffmann was born April 4, 1916, in Wolbeck, Munster, the son of Solomon Hoffmann and Martha Arensberg. He had three brothers: Arnold (1913), Ludwig (1918), and Fritz Rudi Fred (1923).
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Hoffmann, Theodor
|
28.3.1907 [ Berlin ] |
Theodor Hoffmann was born on March 28, 1907, in Berlin, the son of Alexander Hoffmann from Elisabethgrund (?), Russia, and Gitel née Lierberman from Poltava, Russia (now Ukraine). He had one brother, Waldemar (1912). Nothing is known about Theodor Hoffmann's family, but a few assumptions can be made. For one, the family was not orthodox - or possibly even religious - based on the names of their children. They were most likely well-to-do as they were able to afford a "capitalist visa" for Palestine. (A rare exception among Dora passengers, his parents emigrated to Palestine almost four years before him in 1935. At the time, his father was 60 years old.) Theodor Hoffmann married Tova Mayer and the couple had one son. Theodor Hoffmann died in October 1975. His parents emigrated to Palestine on September 30, 1935. Sources: The passenger list incorrectly has his year of birth as 1902. |
Horowitz, Jakob
|
19.1.1902
[Vienna] [Austrian] |
Jakob Horowitz was born January 19, 1902, in Vienna, the son of Fischel (Fiszel, Philippe) Horowitz and Rebeka (Riwe, Regine) Nebenzahl. He had a brother Sigmund (1896) and a sister Malvine (Malwine) (1900). His father died in 1915, when Jakob was 13 years old. His brother Sigmund died a year later in 1916, at the age of 20. [Due to the dates of the death, it is possible that either one, or both, died fighting in the war.]
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Inowlodzka, Ruchla
|
1914 | |
Jacobowicz, Hirsch
|
22.12.1912 | |
Jordan, Alfred
1943
|
25.10.1920
[Berlin] |
Alfred Jordan was born October 25, 1920, in Berlin, the eldest son of Max Jordan, a journalist, and Johanna (Hanna) Haase. He had two younger brothers, each born five years apart: Horst (1925) and Heinz (1930).
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Kattkitzki, Erich
|
19.1.1906
[ Frankfurt ] |
Erich Kattkitzki (later: Elieser Kad) was born January 19, 1906, in Frankfurt, the son of Isidor Kattkitzki, an agent, and Anna Ela Sachs.
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Katz, Elisabeth
|
16.10.1906
[Vásárosnamény] |
Elisabeth Katz was born on October 19, 1906, in Vásárosnamény (today: Hungary) She was married to Louis Leonardo Katz, another passenger of the Dora. Sources: |
Katz, Louis
|
22.7.1904
[Bojan, Romania] |
Louis Leonardo Katz was born July 22, 1904, in Bojan, Bukowina, Romania (Austria, Romania from 1918 to 1940). He spent the first ten years of his life in Bojan (Boyan), a Hassidic center. Between 1914 and 1918, his family lived in Gernowitz and Bucharest, then again in Gernowitz from 1918 to 1922. Louis Katz then came to Vienna in 1922.
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Katz, Toni
|
30.9.1919
[Sokal, Poland] [Stateless, formerly Polish] |
Toni Katz was born on September 30, 1919, in Sokal (Poland, now Ukraine), the daughter of Leo Katz and Frida Tabak.
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Kaufmann, Frieda
1946
|
4.1.1906
[ Kałusz ] |
Frieda Kaufmann, née Heller, (later: Frieda De La Penha), was born on January 4, 1906 in Kałusz, Galicia, Austria (now Kalush, Ukraine).
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Kleinschmidt, Herbert
|
30.12.1921
[ Soest ] |
Herbert Kleinschmidt was born on December 30, 1921 in Soest, the son of Isidor Kleinschmidt, from Soest, and Olga Felix. Herbert's father was on the board of the local Soest RjF (Reich Federation of Jewish Front-Line Soldiers). He died in February 1929. At the time, Herbert was 8 years old. Sources: |
Koopman, Hans
|
4.1.1915
[ Amsterdam ] |
Hans Koopman (later: Hans Golani) was born January 4, 1915, in Amsterdam, the son of Simon Koopman and Meta Eichenberg. He had one brother, David Richard (1916).
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Koopman, Feiga
|
17.6.1916 [ Prague ] |
Fanny Koopman, née Feiga Gutwirth, (later: Fanny Golani) was born June 17, 1916, in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the daughter of Yehuda Leib Gutwirth, originally from Jascenica, Poland, and Chaya Rachel Katz, originally from Dobromil, Poland. She had seven siblings: Tauba (1904), Sara (1906), Chaim Israel "Srule" (1908), Lea (1910), Miriam (1912), Raphael "Fulu" (1919), and Estera Gitla (1924).
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Kominski, Rita
|
26.4.1915 | |
Kratz, Fritz
|
20.1.1909
[ Nideggen ] |
Fritz Kratz (later: Yaacov Gardi) was born on January 20, 1909, in Nideggen, the son of Norbert Kratz, from Nideggen, and Isabella Ullmann, from Düren. He had one sister, Käthe (1907). His father was a cattle dealer in Nideggen, a small town near Düren and Aachen, where the family had resided for several generations. Fritz Kratz got a high school diploma from the Wirteltor Gymnasium in Düren. At the time of the November Pogrom, he lived in Nideggen. He was arrested and taken to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Orianenburg, from where he was released on December 24, 1938. He also resided in Aachen - presumably after his release from the camp. He emigrated to Belgium, presumably crossing the "green border" by Aachen. He married Judit Lederman in 1940 and the couple lived in Kibbutz Ashdot Ya'akov. In 1950 they left the kibbutz and eventually settled in Kfar Haim. Fritz Kratz later changed his name to Yaacov Gardi. The couple had three children. Yaacov Gardi (Fritz Kratz) died in January 1987. His father, Norbert Kratz, died in the Israelite Hospital in Cologne-Ehrenfeld in the in May 1940. His mother, Isabella Kratz, was deported to Izbica in 1941 where she was murdered. His sister Käthe Schwarz emigrated to (Canada? Montevideo?). Sources: |
Krauthammer, Walter
|
28.1.1912
[Velbert] [Stateless] |
Walter Krauthammer (later: Ze'ev Krauthammer) was born on January 28, 1912, in Velbert, near Düsseldorf, the son of Abraham Adolf Krauthammer, originally from Antonowka, Galicia (now Poland), and Cipa Malka (Cilli, Zilli) née Dier, (from Pszywoscic?, Galicia). He had two brothers, Max (1906? 1910?), and Heinz (1925). (A third brother, Leo, born in 1915, died in infancy).
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Kugelmass, Max
|
30.9.1910
[Leipzig] |
Max Kugelmass was born September 30, 1910, in Leipzig, the son of Yitzhak Hilsenrath Kugelmass, and Hulda (Hudia Chaje) Kugelmass, née Rosner, originally from Puttilla Toraki, Bukowina, Austro-Hungarian Empire, (Putila, Romania, now Ukraine). He had three siblings: Joseph (1900), Toni (Rachel) (1903), and David (1905).
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Kuschnerow, Rosel
|
16.11.1920 | |
Lampen, Hermann
|
19.5.1919
[Dresden] |
Hermann Lampen (later: Zvi Shalhavi) was born in Dresden on May 19, 1919, the son of David Aba (Abraham) Lampen, originally from Romania, and Betti (Batia), née Schneck (Minority Census has: "Lekach"), a nurse, originally from Budapest, Hungary. He had two sisters, Zill Cecili (1917) and Esther (1920).
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Landy, Alfred
|
15.8.1920
[ Berlin ] ["Expatriated Pole"] |
Alfred Landy was born August 15, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Joachim Haim Nachman Landy, from Brody, and Chaje Gittel Gusti (Guste) Landy (née Goldenthal), also from Brody. (There are several places named Brody. It is assumed that they came from the town in the Lviv Oblast; previously in Austro-Hungarian Galicia; Poland in the interwar period; now Ukraine.) He had (at least) one sister, Ruth (1922).
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Langsam, Elsa
|
11.8.1912
[ Cologne ] |
Elsa Langsam was born August 11, 1912, in Cologne. At the time of the May 1939 German Minority Census, she lived in Blankenese (Altona, Hamburg, Steubenweg 36), in a training camp in a Jewish youth hostel. (The building on Steubenweg 36 was used by Chaluzim to prepare for emigration to Palestine. The villa later served as a daytime holiday camp for Jewish children. The Nazis later turned it into a 'Judenhaus' where Jewish men and women were forced to live before being deported.) She left Hamburg and came to Antwerp sometime between mid-May and mid-July 1939. From there she later boarded the Dora. Sources: |
Lazar, David
|
25.10.1915
[ Banila ] |
David Leon Lazar was born on October 25, 1915, in Banila, Romania, the son of Abraham and Mantie (Minah?) Lazar. His father, a merchant, was originally from Kolomea (Kolomyia) (Galicia, then Poland, now Ukraine) and his mother, a homemaker, was from Banila. He had one sister, Fanny (1912). The family moved to Vienna in 1916.
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Lehmann, Walter
|
18.11.1896 | |
Levy, Marie
|
31.5.1920
[ Berlin ] [ Turkish ] |
Marie Levy (later: Marie Abraham) was born May 31, 1920, in Berlin, the daughter of Samuel Levy and Rosa Adeimann (Adcimann? Adelmann?), both from Constantinople (Istanbul).
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Lewin, Marie
|
21.6.1913
[Bad Warmbrunn] |
Marie Lewin née Marie Wolff (later: Miriam Lewin), was born on June 21, 1913, in Bad Warmbrunn, the daughter of Max Wolff, a bank manager, and Katharina Kaethe Wolff (born Moses). Marie had one brother, Klaus (1919).
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Lewin, Richard
|
28.1.1904
[Pogorzela] |
Richard Lewin (later: Reuven Lewin) was born January 28, 1904, in Pogorzela, a very small town in the province of Posen (now Poland), the son of Adolf Aron Lewin and Cecylia (Cäcilie, Zilla, Cilia, Cilly) Sandberg. He had two siblings, Erich (1902), and Irma Lewin (1908).
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Littauer, Else
|
23.7.1908
[Ober-Peilau] |
Else Littauer, née Else Kalewe, was born on July 23, 1908 in Ober-Peilau, the daughter of Ernst Kalewe from Rothschloß and Berta née Grosser, from Ober-Peilau. She was not born in a Jewish family, the only known instance among Dora passengers.
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Littauer, Jakob
|
15.7.1904
[Breslau] |
Jakob Littauer was born on July 15, 1904, in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland).
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Loewenstein, Herbert
|
21.4.1921
[Cologne] |
Herbert Loewenstein (later: Zvi Avnon) was born on April 21 1921 in Cologne, the son of Hugo Loewenstein and Elsa Lion. He had one sister, Irene.
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Loewenstein, Kurt
|
8.5.1902
[ Chemnitz ] |
Kurt Loewenstein was born May 8, 1902, in Chemnitz, the son of Max Moses Loewenstein and Lise Elisa Michaelis. He had two siblings, Erna (1899) and Lotte (1908).
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Mahler, Sigismund
|
18.6.1915 |
Sigismund Mahler (Sigi, later Shimon Mahler) was born on June 18, 1915, in Duisburg*, Germany, the son of Zeev and Hana Mahler. [* other sources: Den Haag, Netherlands].
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Malz, Emil
|
2.10.1915
[Przeworsk] [Polish] |
Emil Malz was born October 2, 1915, in Przeworsk in Austrian Galicia (now Poland).
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Mamlok, Rosa
|
23.4.1905
[ Zerkow ] |
Rosa Mamlok was born April 23, 1905 in Zerkow, Prussia (now Poland). At the time of the German Minority Census in May 1939, she lived in Breslau, on Schweidnitzer Stadtgraben 28. (The building belonged to the Breslau Jewish Religious Community and 45 Jewish residents lived at this address at the time, including two other Dora passengers, Gisela Haase and Kurt Haase.) Sources: |
Margules, Erna
|
18.3.1918 [ Leipzig ] |
Erna Margules was born on March 18, 1918, in Leipzig. At the time of the German Minority Census on May 17, 1939, she lived in a Hachshara affiliated with Hechalutz in Regensburg (Weissenburgstrasse 31). Other Dora passengers in the Hachshara at that time included Erich Schlorch, Karol Sokolski, and Isaac Sapirstein. Sources: The passenger list incorrectly has 1915 as the year of birth. |
Marx, Klara
|
13.10.1919 [ Nuremberg ] |
Klara Marx (later: Klara Chava Rebhun) was born on October 13, 1919, in Nuremberg, the daughter of Baruch Marx, a merchant from Strümpfelbrunn (Baden), and Betty Aaron, from Koenigsberg. She had two sisters: Augusta "Gustel" (1915 - 1936) and Rosette (Rosel) (1917). Her mother died in 1930 (or 1935?) when Klara was 11 years old. Her father later married Gertrud née Heimansohn. The village of Strümpfelbrunn had a Conservative-Orthodox Jewish community numbering 73 Jews (27 families) in 1860, eventually reduced to five Jewish families by November 1938. The Marx family moved to Nuremberg where Klara was born. Klara Marx may have gone to Frankfurt in February 1937, presumably for Hachshara. She was back in Berlin in December 1938, following the November Pogrom. At the time of the German Minority Census on May 17, 1939, Klara Marx lived in Tiergarten, Berlin (Solinger Str. 11) with her father and and her stepmother. Klara Marx left Germany on June 14, 1939, and boarded the Dora in Antwerp on July 17. She married Mojzesz Rebhun (Moshe Halevy Rebhun), a (religion?) teacher, and the couple had two (three?) children. In December 1945, the couple applied for citizenship; Klara's application was denied by the British Authorities because she was an illegal emigrant. Klara Chava Rebhun (Klara Marx) died in April 1984 in Haifa. Her father, Baruch Marx, and her stepmother, Gertrud Marx, were deported on May 17, 1943, in Transport 38 from Berlin to Auschwitz Birkenau where they were murdered. Her sister, Augusta Marx, a qualified nurse and a member of the German Socialist Worker's party, joined the International Group of the Durruti Column, the Anarchist militia, as a combatant during the Spanish Civil War. She was killed in October 1936 in Perdiguera, Spain, at the age of 19. Her sister, Rosette (Rosel) Sachs emigrated to the USA via Russia, Shanghai, Yokohama, finally arriving in San Franciso in July 1940. Sources: The Antwerp passenger list incorrectly has October 19 as her date of birth. |
Mendel, Willi
1946
|
13.6.1920
[Wronke] [German] |
Willi Mendel (later: Zeev Mendel) was born June 13, 1920, in Wronke (Prussia until 1919; today: Wronki, Poland), the son of Simon Mendel, a merchant originally from Stralkowo, and Johanna (Chana) Cohen. Willi had one brother, Mordechai Gunter (1915), and two older half-brothers: Herbert (1907) and Kurt (1909).
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Milich, Meusche
1939
|
3.4.1914
[ Rawa ] |
Meusche Milich (Max Milich) was born on April 3, 1914, in Rawa Mazowiecka, Galicia (later: Poland), the son of Abraham Milich, and Presi (?) Peru (?) (Perl) née Lehrmann, from Rawa*. He had five siblings: Julius Schauell (1917), Rosa (1924), Ida (1926), Herman (1929) and Leo (1932).
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Mirowski, Nathan
|
3.4.1916 |
Nathan Mirowski (later: Nathan Miron) was born April 3, 1916, the son of Zeidel (or Yehuda?) Mirovsky and Zissel Sophie, née Bluestein. His place of birth, or the place of origin of his parents is not known. There is also no information on any potential siblings.
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Mirowski, Zypra
|
30.5.1916
[Włocławek] |
Zypra Mirowski (née Nashelski, or Nasielski; later: Tsameret Miron) was born May 30, 1916, in Włocławek (Poland), the second daughter of Haim Nashelski and Rona (Renah? Rene?) née Wolf. She had one sister, Hadassah, and two younger brothers, Arieh and Dov.
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Mitelberg, Eliezer
|
19.1.1916 | |
Neufeld, Richard
|
16.5.1912
[Vienna] |
Richard Neufeld was born May 16, 1912, in Vienna, the son of Benzion Neufeld, originally from Tluste (now Tovste, Ukraine) and Sara Weinstock, originally from Wertelka. He had five siblings: Rossel (Roza) (ca. 1898), Lisi (ca. 1902), Max (1906), Martha (1908) and Benyamin ().
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Neurath, Artur
|
17.4.1907 [Nuremberg] |
Artur Neurath was born on April 17, 1907, in Nuremberg, the son of Michael Neurath from Mödling near Vienna, and Jeanette (née Geiringer), from Nuremberg. He had one sister, Gerda (1909).
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Nussbaum, Thekla
|
26.12.1903 [Mansbach] |
Thekla Nussbaum was born on December 26, 1903 in Mansbach, Germany, the daughter of Schafte Nussbaum, from the nearby village of Hohenroda, and Hanna Johanna (Hannchen) Nussbaum (born Heiser), from Breitenbach am Herzberg. She had seven siblings: Jakob (1893), Isidor (1895), Joseph (1897-1918), Gerda (1898), Franziska (1901), Bella (1907), and Karl (later Mordechai Egosi) (1910).
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Offen, Juljusz
|
4.4.1922
[Hamburg] [Polish] |
Julius Offen (later: Yehuda Offen) was born April 4, 1922, in Hamburg (Altona), the son of Naftali Offen, from Zarszyn-Bochnia in Galicia (now Poland), and Taube, née Appelberg, from Bolszowce (now Bilshivtsi, Ukraine). He had one sister, Hanna (1924).
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Ohlhausen, Fritz
|
2.9.1919
[Königsberg] |
Fritz Ohlhausen was born September 2, 1919, in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), the son of Adolph Abraham Ohlhausen, a merchant originally from Waibstadt, and Bertha née Levy, from Pillau (now Baltiysk, Russia). He had one sister, Fanny Liesel (Zippora) (1921).
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Peiper, Hans
|
8.7.1913
[Stettin] |
Hans Peiper was born July 8, 1913, in Stettin, Pommern (now Szczecin, Poland), the son of Mordche (Markus Mordechai Mordekai) Peiper, a merchant from Krakow, and Rosa Liebgol, also born in Krakow. He had one brother, Ludwig (1909), and two sisters, Hani (1912) and Thea (1917).
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Perlmutter, Gizela
|
8.1.1897
[Krakow] |
Gisela Perlmutter (née Lack) was born on January 8, 1897, in Krakow, Austria (now Poland), the daughter of Samuel Lack, a merchant from Krakow, and Anna Lack (born Winkler). She had two brothers, Adolf (1895), and Maurycy Henryk (1900). Her mother Anna died in 1917.
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Proter, Hermann (Benno)
1946
|
3.1.1914
[Koln] |
Hermann (Benno) Proter was born on January 3, 1914, in Cologne, the son of Lejzor (Lippa, Eliezer, Leopold) Proter, from Galicia, and Rosa (née Hochhaus), from Mogielnica / Warszawa. Hermann had three siblings: Jakob (1911), Joseph (1918), and Selma (1921).
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Proter, Selma
1946, courtesy Shlomit Proter
|
6.4.1921
[Koln] |
Selma Proter (later: Shulamit Cohen) was born on June 4, 1921, in Cologne, the daughter of Lejzor Lippa (Leyzer, Leopold) Proter and Rosa, née Hochhaus, from Mogielnica. Selma had three brothers: Jakob (1911), Hermann (1914), and Joseph (1918).
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Rachwalsky, Gerhard
|
25.2.1912
[ Grossdorf-Braunau ] |
Gerhard Rachwalsky was born on February 25, 1912 in Grossdorf-Braunau in Bohemia, Austro-Hungaria (now Broumov, Czech Republic), the son of Felix Rachwalsky and Dora, née Faerber, from Breslau. Gerhard Rachwalsky is mentioned in Alfred Jordan's video testimony:
According to Alfred Jordan, Gerhard Rachwalsky continued to lead the group in Antwerp. Nothing else is known about him. Sources: |
Rauner, Hugo
|
10.2.1915
[Hargesheim] |
Hugo Rauner was born on February 10, 1915, in Hargesheim, the son of Arthur Rauner, from Rheinböllen, and Augusta née Posner, from Kippenheim. He had three siblings: Walter (Michael) (1912), Erika (1921). and Wolfgang (Wolf, later Ze'ev) (1927).
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Rechtschaffen, Jakob
|
13.4.1922
[Stanislawow] |
Jakob Rechtschaffen (later: Yaakov Rechtschaffen) was born April 13, 1922, in Stanislawow (or Stanisławów Voivodeship), Poland (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). He was the son of Hermann Hirsch Tzvi Rechtschaffen, a merchant originally from Sliwki, Galicia, a village in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and Rachela, née Spiegel, originally from Landestreu, another village in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. He had a younger sister, Dora (Dvora), born in 1926 in Homberg, in the Duisburg district.
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Reifer, Toni
|
12.6.1916
[Leipzig] |
Toni Reifer (later: Toni Bear) was born June 12, 1916, in Leipzig, the daughter of Shulam (Schalom) Reifer, from Storozynetz (Bukovina, now Ukraine), and Bertha Goldenzweig, from Lwow. She had two brothers, Josef (1911), and David (1913).
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Reig, Simon
|
11.1.1909
[Leipzig] |
Simon Reig was born January 11, 1909, in Leipzig, Germany, the son of Mortko (Markus) Reig-Kammer, a merchant originally from Chocin in the Carpathian Mountains (Galicia, Poland, now Ukraine), and Dresel (Reizel) née Neumann, from Tarnow (Galicia, now Poland). He had two siblings, Rachel (Rosa) (1910) amd Kalman (1916).
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Roer, Kurt
|
31.1.1907
[Berg] |
Kurt Isaac Roer was born January 31, 1907, in Berg near Landshut, Bavaria, the son of Moritz Roer and Selma née Marx. He had one sister, Ilse (1905).
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Rosenthal, Ernst
|
10.12.1901 | |
Rothschild, Charlotte
|
17.3.1915
[Dermbach] |
Charlotte Lieselotte Rothschild (née Richheimer) was born March 17, 1915, in Dermbach, Thuringia, the daughter of Salomon (Shlomo) Rischheimer, and Clara Gutmann, his second wife. Charlotte had two half-sisters: Lisbeth "Elisabeth" (1906) and Gertrude (1910 - 1933), and three sisters: Dina (1916 - 1934), Sitta (1921), and Ilse (1928).
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Rothschild, Emil
|
3.9.1909 [Grünsfeld] ["Not Established"] |
Emil Rothschild was born September 3, 1909, in Grünsfeld, a village in Baden, Germany, the son of Siegfried (Simon) Rothschild, a merchant from Grünsfeld, and Rosa Bierig, from Edelfingen, Baden-Württemberg. He had seven siblings: Irma (1903), Bruno (1904), Max (1905), Rita (1906), Elly (1911), Justin (1915) and Klementine (1917).
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Rymald, Adolf
|
8.6.1921 | |
Sachsenhaus, Philipp
|
14.2.1912
[Munich] [Polish] |
Philipp Sachsenhaus (later: Pinchas Sachsenhaus) was born February 14, 1912, in Munich, the son of Markus Sachsenhaus and Rebekka Banda. He had one sister, Mathilde (1917).
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Sachsenhaus, Irmgard
|
17.5.1911
[Brake] |
Irmgard Sachsenhaus, née Berghausen, (later: Miriam Sachsenhaus) was born May 17, 1911, in Brake/Lippe near Bremen, the daughter of Robert Berghausen, a cattle dealer, and Bertha Grueneberg. She had two siblings: Julius (1908) and Ruth (1913).
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Sapierstein, Isaak
|
5.2.1916
[Chemnitz] [stateless] |
Isaak Sapirstein (later: Yitzhak Sapirstein) was born February 5, 1916, in Chemnitz, the son of Josef Elstein, originally from Kherson (Ukraine), and Freida Sapirstein, originally from Sokolka (Poland). He had three siblings, Mirel (1913), Genda Debora (1914), and Sara Rebecka (1917). His father died in 1925 when Isaac was 9 years old.
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Segal, Lipa
|
29.1.1905 | |
Segal, Srul
|
10.2.1911 | |
Simon, Adalbert
|
26.7.1892
[Berlin] |
Adalbert Simon was born July 26, 1892, in Berlin. Adalbert Simon was one of the two oldest passengers on the Dora, and turned 47 during the crossing to Eretz Israel.
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Simon, Bettina
|
12.11.1901
[Frankfurt] |
Bettina Simon, née Hirsch, was born November 12, 1901, in Frankfurt. Bettina married Adalbert Simon in June 1923 in Frankfurt. One of the two witnesses was Ludwig Hirsch, 22 years old, presumably a brother of hers.
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Schaefer, Kurt
|
23.4.1915
[Vienna] |
Kurt Schäfer was born on April 23, 1915, in Vienna, the son of Berthold Schäfer, from Pohrlitz, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Pohořelice, Czech Republic), and Rosina née Steinhauser, from Hörmanns, a village in Austria.
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Schaefer, Ester
|
26.4.1916 | |
Schieber, Schiffre
|
25.1.1910 | |
Schlorch, Erich
|
12.11.1915
[Obbach] [German] |
Erich Schlorch (later: Eric Shore) was born on November 12, 1915, in Obbach, Bavaria, the son of Emil Schlorch, from Obbach, and Sophie, née Silbermann, from Walsdorf (Bavaria). He had one sister, Irma (1913).
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Schwarz, Bernhard
|
5.11.1918
[Mátészalka] |
Bernhard Schwarz was born in Mátészalka, Hungary, November 5, 1918, the son of Josef Schwarz and Serena, née Klein. He had (at least) one brother, Moritz (1912).
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Schwarz, Ester
|
2.12.1918 | |
Schwarz, Kaete
|
9.10.1912 | |
Schwarz, Theodor
|
14.11.1916
[Chemnitz] |
Theodor Schwarz was born November 14, 1916, in Chemnitz. Theodor Schwarz lived in Mainz in the 1930s. He emigrated in March 1937. |
Sokolski, Karol
|
14.2.1919
[Berlin] [Czech] |
Karol Sokolski (later: Yaakov Sokolski) was born February 14, 1919, in Berlin, the son of Leiv and Miriam. He had at least one sibling.
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Spiegel, Samuel
|
12.10.1913 [Irshava] |
Samuel Spiegel (later Shmuel "Moyle" Spiegel) was born on October 12, 1913, in Irshava, the son of Joseph (Yosef) Spiegel and Ronya, née Berger. The fourth child in a family of 11 [or 12?] children, he had 5 sisters and 5 [or 6?] brothers: Marek (Moshe) (1909), Isaac (1910), Ester (1911), Avraham (Bumi) (1915), Feigy (1917), Lea (1918), Beri Dov (1920), Malka (1921), Alex (1924), Helena (Henchi) (1926), and Ephraim Fishel (1928).
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Spitz, Walter
|
27.11.1908
[Vienna] |
Walter Spitz was born on November 27, 1908, in Vienna, the son of Hugo Spitz, from Frýdek-Místek (Czechoslovakia), and Sidonie, née Bäck, from Dukovany (Czechoslovakia). He had two brothers, Alfred (1905) and Paul (1906).
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Staendig, Charlotte
|
26.1.1921*
[Herten] |
Charlotte (Lotte, "Lotchen") Staendig (Ständig) (later: Yael Neuhaus) was born on January 25, 1921, in Herten near Gelsenkirchen, the daughter of Moritz (Moses) Ständig and Rebecca Alpern. She had six siblings: Alexander (1917), Karl (1919), Max (1922), Leah (1931), Betty (1933), and Sabine (1934).
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Staub, Leizor
|
7.6.1913
[Przeworsk] |
Leiser Staub (later: Eliezer Staub) was born on June 7, 1913, in Przeworsk, (Austrian Galicia, Poland after 1918), the son of Israel Staub, a merchant, and Chaje Frohlich (Berglas). He had one older brother, Ozyasz Samuel (Yehoshua) Staub (1905), and two sisters: Feige Staub (1903) and Curtel (later Curtel Russek) (1909). (A Sainwel Staub (1907) may have been yet another sibling).
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Staub, Hanna
|
29.2.1916
Whitechapel, London |
Hanna Staub (née Feigenblum), was born on February 29, 1916 in Whitechapel, London, the daughter of Abraham Feigenblum, a cantor from Warsaw, and Esther Brzozowska*. Hanna had five siblings: Itzhak, born in Warsaw in 1908; Pincus Haim, born in 1909 in Warsaw; Rifka born in 1911 in Warsaw; Helena (Hinda), born in 1912 in Antwerp; and Lily, born in 1919 in London.
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Stein, Peppi
|
22.1.1921 | |
Steinhauer, Max
|
13.1.1910 |
This *may be: Max Mordechai Steinhauer, born in 1910 in Berlin, the son of David Steinhauer and Hela Mindel Steinhauer (née Pufeles). One brother, Heinz J (Yakov Zvi) Steinhauer who emigrated to Johanesburg (1912 - 1981), and one sister, Esther Steinhauer, later Esther Sendal (1922 - 1986). If this is indeed the same person, Max Mordechai Steinhauer died in August 1986 in Tel Aviv and doesn't appear to have started a family. This entry cannot be confirmed as the date of birth is too vague ("1910"). Leaving here as a placeholder until more information becomes available. Sources: |
Stern, Albert
1948
|
30.7.1916
[Geisa] |
Albert Aron Stern was born on July 30, 1916, in Geisa, Thuringia, the son of Adolf Avraham Stern, from Geisa, and Sitta Sidonie, née Schwahn, from Treysa, Hesse. He had two siblings: Martin Werner (1915), and Marga (1919).
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Stillmann, Guenther
|
2.5.1912
[Berlin] |
Günter Stillmann was born on May 2, 1912, in Berlin, the son of Arnold Stillmann, a commercial employee (other sources have "merchant") from Gleiwitz (now Poland), and Betty, née Kohls. He had one brother, Kurt (1916). His mother died in October 1918 when he was 6 years old. A year later, in May 1919, his father married again, to Else Goldmann. They would divorce five years later in May 1924.
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Storch, Hillel
|
16.1.1899
[Rozdol] |
Hillel Storch was born on January 16, 1899 in Rozdol in Austrian Galicia (after 1918, Poland, now Ukraine). His family came to Vienna in 1909.
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Strauss, Kurt
|
5.2.1909
[Berlin] |
Kurt Alexander Strauss was born February 5, 1909, in Berlin, the son of Anschel Löb Leopold Strauss, from Frücht, and Ida Falkenstein, from Konitz (now Chojnice, Poland). He had two brothers: Fritz (1904) and Werner (Zvi Shimshon) (1914).
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Struck, Adelheid
|
18.5.1911
[Köln] |
Adelheid Struck (later: Adelheid Wangenheim) was born May 18, 1911, in Köln, the daughter of Hermannn Struck and Selma Schlesinger. She had two siblings, Ruth and Rudolf (Rudi).
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Stoppelmann, Siegfried
|
5.10.1913
[Aurich] |
Siegfried Stoppelmann was born on October 5, 1913, in Aurich, Lower Saxony, Germany, the son of Gerson Stoppelmann, from Aurich, and Minna Wolff, from Schapen. He had a brother, Norbert Nathan Stoppelmann who died in 1935.
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Treu, Guenther
|
7.11.1911
[Magdeburg] [Polish] |
Guenther Treu (later: Yosef Treu) was born November 7, 1911, in Magdeburg, the son of Erwin Treu, from Berlin, and Martha Langer, from Magdeburg. He had one sister, Eva Henriette (1926).
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Ucko, Hermann
1937
|
26.11.1910
[Leipzig] |
Hermann Heinrich Ucko was born on November 26, 1910, in Leipzig, the son of Ernst Ucko, from Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), and Toiba (Therese, Tova) née Gerschenowitz, from Stolbtsy (Stowbtsy, Belarus).
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Ucko, Annemarie
|
29.6.1916
[Leipzig] |
Annemarie Ucko (born Schussheim) was born on June 29, 1916, in Leipzig, the daughter of Siegfried Schussheim, a merchant originally from Jaroslaw (Galicia, now Poland), and Frieda Schussheim (born Goldstein). She had two brothers, Heinrich (1910) and Gunter (later: Gerald Shaw) (1913).
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Unger, Karl*
|
6.4.1915
[Budapest] [Romanian, stateless] |
Karl Ungar was born April 6, 1915, in Budapest, the son of Dwojra Perl Ungar, née Kaubert. It is likely that his biological father, (?) Ungar died early and that his mother remarried a Feibisz Kerner. Karl had a (half?) brother, Siegfried Kerner (or Körner) (1920). His mother, Dora Körner f. Ungar-Kaubert, died in 1924.
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Wadler, Adolf
|
25.8.1899
[Budapest] [Austria] |
Adolf Wadler was born August 25, 1899, in Budapest, the son of (unknown) and Lina Wadler, from Tarnow.
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Wadler, Netti
|
4.7.1907
[Gura Humora] |
Netty Wadler was born on July 4, 1907, in Gura Humora (Gura Humorului - Romania). (Most probably née Netty Schneider.) She was married to Adolf Wadler, another Dora passenger. The couple lived in Vienna, and she was a personal cook. They left Vienna and came to Antwerp sometime between mid-May 1938 and mid-July 1939, where they boarded the Dora to Palestine. No further information is available. Sources: |
Wassertheil, Ester
1948
|
6.3.1917
[Chrzanow] |
Esther Wassertheil (later: Ester Stern) was born on March 6, 1917, in Chrzanow, Poland (Galicia), the daughter of Naftali Hertz Wasserteil and Sara Mindel, née Wietschner. She had six siblings: Josef (1898), Rosa (1901), Tzila (1903), Hanka (1906), Charlotte (1908), and Jehuda (Idel) (1913).
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Weil, Susi
|
18.11.1914
[Eschwege] [German] |
Susi Weil was born November 18, 1914, in Eschwege, the daughter of Oskar Weil and Eva Rosa Levy. She had one brother, Helmut Zvi Paul Weil (1917). Her father died in 1932 in Dessau.
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Weiss, Ludwig
|
2.4.1915 |
This may be one Arieh (Ludwig) Weiss, whose date of birth is reversed and incorrectly listed as February 4 instead of April 2 in various online family trees: Arieh (Ludwig) Weiss was born April 2, 1915, in Romania. [According to the 1948 US Alien manifest, in "Civmelis"; in "Giulmelcis" according to online trees. Neither seem to exist.]
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Werner, Heinz
|
9.6.1912
[Siegmar-Schönau] |
Heinz Werner was born June 9, 1912, in Siegmar-Schönau, Chemnitz, Germany. At the time of the German Minority Census of May 1939, he lived in Berlin (Mitte) (Chausseestr. 57,II), he was 27 years old and was single. He left Berlin and came to Antwerp sometime between mid-May and mid-July 1939, from where he boarded the Dora. No further information is available. Sources: |
Winterfeld, Artur
|
3.10.1916
[Stolp] |
Alfred Arthur Winterfeld was born in Stolp, Pomerania, (now Słupsk, Poland) on October 3, 1916.
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Wolff, Arnold
1947
|
4.3.1914
[Stettin] |
Arnold Wolff was born March 4, 1914, in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland), the only child of Hermann Wolff, from Rheinbrohl, and Henriette, née Gompertz, from Wesel.
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Wolff, Ernst
|
19.6.1905
[Briesen] [German] |
Ernst Wolff (later: Yehuda Wolff) was born June 19, 1905, in Briesen, Brandenburg, the son of Wilhelm (Zeev) Wolff, a medical doctor, and Hermione Neisser, from Katscher, Upper Silesia (now Kietrz, Poland). He had five siblings: Hanne (1896), Martin (1898), Karl (1900), Gustave (1904), and Arnold Simon (1906). His father died in 1920 when Ernst was 15 years old. Ernst married Irma Lion in September 1933 in Nordeck.
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Wolff, Ilse
|
12.1.1911
[Oppeln] [German] |
Ilse Wolff née Heymann was born on January 12, 1911, in Oppeln, Upper Silesia (now Opole, Poland), the daughter of Albert Heymann, a merchant from Radau, Upper Silesia (now Radawie, Poland), and Helene, née Heymann, from Lugnian, Upper Silesia (now Łubniany, Poland).
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Wolff, Irma
|
7.2.1906
[Nordeck über Giessen] [German] |
Irma Wolff née Lion was born February 7, 1906, in Nordeck über Giessen, the daughter of Adolph (Abraham) Lion, a merchant from Nordeck, and Frieda Fanny Grünewald, from Bischofsheim. She had four siblings: Ludwig (1909), Betty (1911), Jacob Julius (1915), and Walter Nathan (1920). Irma married Ernst Wolf in September 1933 in Nordeck.
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Zajac, Adolf
|
19.12.1920 | |
Zinn, Abraham
|
22.3.1904 | |
Deresiewicz, Mordohe*
|
15.6.1905
[Ustrzyki Dolne] [Polish] |
Markus (Mordohe, Mordechai) Deresiewicz was born in Ustrzyki Dolne near Lwów (Poland) on June 15, 1905, the son of Leib Deresiewicz, a timber dealer, and Hellena Deresiewicz. He had (at least) three brothers: Simche (1901), Jakob (1907), Ascher (1909), and one sister, Toni (1911).
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Deresiewicz, Anna
|
11.10.1909
[Kraków] |
Anna Deresiewicz (maiden name unknown) was born on October 10, 1909, in Kraków, Poland. She was married to Markus Deresiewicz. Her name appears on her husband's emigration application with the Vienna Jewish Community. She is also listed (albeit with an incorrect date of birth 11 October 1905) with her husband in the records of the Assets Transfer Office ("Vermögensverkehrstelle") of the Ministry of Commerce and Transportation ("Ministerium für Handel und Verkehr"), and on a recent list of unclaimed Holocaust-era assets, derived from the Austrian State Archives in Vienna. She left Vienna and came to Antwerp where she boarded the Dora for Palestine in July 1939 with her husband. No further details available. Sources: |
Schlosser, Josef
|
21.3.1919
[Graz, Austria] |
Josef Schlosser was born March 21, 1919, in Graz, Austria, the son of [Reimund (Rachmiel)?] Schlosser and [Miria Suppan ?]. He had [at least] four siblings: Gizella (ca 1907), Leopold (1912), Berta (1915), and Regina (1916).
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Wallach, Siegfried
1948
|
25.5.1921
[Vienna] |
Siegfried Wallach was born May 25, 1921, in Vienna, the son of Beno Wallach, a civil servant originally from Chernivtsi, Bukovina (now Ukraine), and Mali Engler, a housewife originally from Sadhora (now Ukraine). He had one brother, Wilhelm (1918).
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Bezner, Markus
|
21.3.1910*
[Czortkow] |
Marcus Bezner (later: Mordechai Bezner) was born April 1 (or March 21?), 1910, in Czortkow (Galicia, Poland, now Chortkiv, Ukraine), the son of Baruch Bezner and Henya (Henie) Glinert (or Boruch Mariasz and Henie Bezner)**. He had four siblings: Leib (Leon) (1895), Perl (1896), Chaja (1899), and Salomon Moshe Lumek (1904). His father died around 1917***, killed in a pogrom.
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Landau, Regine
|
30.11.1897 [Zbaraz] |
Regine (Regina, Genia) Landau was born November 30, 1897, in Zbaraz (Galicia, now Ukraine), the daughter of Chaskel (Yehezkel) Landau, and Basie Breine (Batya) Landau (born Roniger), both from Galicia. She had six siblings: Salo (1888), Ludwik (1889), Max Munio (1892), Ignatz (1893), Sabine (Sophie)(1896), Aurelia (Rela) (1902). Her brother Salo died in 1922. Nothing is known about her life or how she made her way to Antwerp and to the Dora. She may have lived in Vienna like her brothers Max and Ignatz, before leaving for Belgium. If so, she presumably would have left before the Anschluss as there are no emigration forms with her name from the IKG. Regine Landau's name appears out of alphabetical order at the bottom of the Antwerp list, suggesting that she was a last-minute addition to the passenger list. She doesn't seem to have started a family. Regina (Genia) Landau died in Israel. Her brother Ludvik (Ludwig) Landau, a physician who was born and lived in Zbarazh. Ludwig, his wife and two daughters spent 1941-1942 in the Zbaraż ghetto, before escaping, with the help of Aryan papers. He was one of only 60 Zbarazh Jews who survived the war of the 3000 who had lived in the town before the war. Her brother, Max Munio (Moshe) Landau emigrated from Austria to Palestine in 1933. He was a member of the nucleus "Batlem" and a founder of Kibbutz Ein Gev. Her brother, Ignatz Landau, filled out an emigration application in Vienna in May 1938 with the Jewish Community of Vienna (Israelitische Kultusgemeinde). He had lived in Vienna since 1914 and was a pharmacist. He emigrated to the USA. Sources: *The passenger list has November 31. |
Hacker, Adolf
|
23.10.1902 [Erfurt] |
Adolf Hacker (later: Avraham Hacker) was born October 23, 1902, in Erfurt, Thuringia, the son of Hermann (Hirsch, Hersh) Hacker and Anna, née Ardel. He had three siblings: Betty (1896), Erich, and a half-brother, Siegfried. His mother Anna Hacker died in 1912 when he was 9 years old. His father later wed Selma Bibo in a second marriage.
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Hacker, Marie
|
16.6.1907
[Eisleben] |
Mary Hacker (née Mary Burak) was born June 16, 1907, in Eisleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, the daughter of Moses Burak, from Kolomyya (Ukraine), and Klara Bratel, from Eisleben. She had three brothers: Paul Pinkhas (1900), Arthur Avraham (1902), and Wilhelm "Willy" (Ze'ev) (1905). The family had a shoe shop in Eisleben and was quite wealthy.
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Additional Passengers
This list includes the names of additional Dora passengers not included in either the Amsterdam or Antwerp lists. It is assumed that most, if not all, of these passengers boarded in Amsterdam, as the Antwerp list seems to be comprehensive.
Since there were an estimated 300 to 350 passengers in Amsterdam, but the existing lists contain only 183 names, there may have been 120 to 170 passengers in Amsterdam who did not belong to pioneering groups. These were either refugees, teenage orphans, possibly some wealthy individuals or families, leaders of various Jewish organizations, and people with connections.
To date, 32 of these unaffiliated passengers have been identified, with an estimated 100 to 150 more still unknown. 24 of those boarded from Amsterdam. For the remaining 8, the port of departure is not known.
A few passengers mentioned the presence of about 10 teenage orphans on the Dora. To date, only one has been identified, Johanna Jacob.
List 3: Additional passengers who boarded in Amsterdam (not on the Hehalutz Lists)
| Name | D.O.B | Bio |
Altberger, Samuel
|
17.07.1912
Frankfurt am Main [ Czech ] |
Samuel ("Sanny") Altberger was born on July 17, 1912, in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Lazar (Ludwig) Altberger and Regina Elias, the sixth of nine children. The family originally came to Germany from the Czech-Hungarian border area at the beginning of the 20th century. His father was a shoe dealer who had three shops on the market square. Sanny's mother died in 1927 Cologne, followed by his father two years later in 1929 in Brunn, Thuringia.
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Berlinger, Simon
|
11.06.1914
Berlichingen |
Simon Berlinger was born June 11, 1914, in Berlichingen, Germany, the son of Ahron Berlinger and Babette (Betty) Sulzbacher. The eighth of ten children, he had six brothers and three sisters: Selma (Schefa, Sheva) (1903), Elieser (1904), Asher (1906), Naftali (1907), Wolf (Zeev) (1909), Michael (1910), Jaakov (1915), Hanna (1918), and (?).
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Cosmann, Fritz
1945
|
10.3.1910
Recklinghausen |
Fritz Cosmann (later: Shimon Cosmann) was born in Recklinghausen (Westphalia) on March 10, 1910, the son of Otto and Anna Cosmann. He had two (or possibly three) sisters: Louisa, Ella and Lilly*.
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Dehmel, Ernst
|
Ernst Dehmel is mentioned in Günter Stillman's book "Berlin - Palästina und zurück" (p.78) as a passenger on the Dora, and one of only three Communists on the Dora besides him. |
|
Elsoffer, Siegfried Adolf
Stalag XI, ca. 1941-1943
|
28.6.1918
Berlin |
Siegfried "Friedel" Adolf Elsoffer, (later: George Samuel Elsoffer) was born on June 28, 1918, in Berlin, the son of Alex Elsoffer, originally from Giesen.
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Elsoffer, Regina ("Gina") (née Milgram)
|
1.7.1920
Katowice [ "Stateless" ] |
Regina Elsoffer (née Milgram) (later: Gina Merkel), was born on July 1, 1920, in Kattowitz, Prussia (later: Katowice, Poland), the daughter of Simon Milgram, from Siedlce, and Dworja (Dora) Braniki, from Warsaw. She had five siblings: Laja (Lotte) (1911, Warsaw), Joel (?), Gedalja (Gedalya) (1918, Warsaw), Jakob (Yaakov) (1923, Gleiwitz), and Ilda (Hilde, Hilda, Ida) (1927, Gleiwitz).
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Färber, Bernard
|
20.5.1901
Oswiecim |
Bernard Färber was born on May 20, 1901, in Oświęcim (Auschwitz), Poland.
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Färber, Cirl Fradel
|
15.10.1909
Podgorze |
Fradel-Cirl Färber née Hoffnung was born on October 15 1909, in Josefstadt, Galicia (now Podgórze, Poland), a district of Kraków.
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Friedmann, Fritz
|
23.7.1913
Rossosz, Poland |
Fritz Friedmann (later: Schulim Friedmann) was born July 23, 1913, in Rossosz, Biała County, Poland, the son of Pinchas and Esther Friedman.
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Frohmann, Heinz
|
22.7.1919
Bochum [ stateless ] |
Although unconfirmed, it is believed that Haim Frohmann was on the Dora based on circumstantial evidence. According to his Yizkor page, "Before the outbreak of World War II, he fled from Germany to the Netherlands and arrived in Israel on an immigration ship in 1939."
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Henle, Walter
|
24.5.1921
Munich |
Walter Henle was born May 24, 1921, in Munich, the youngest son of Albert Henle, a grain wholesaler originally from Heilbronn, and Anna Lederer, born in Reutlingen. Walter had one brother, Fritz Richard (1916).
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Kardos, Ernest
1947
|
28.07.1916
Vienna |
Ernst Kardos (later: Dan Yaron) was born on July 28, 1916, in Vienna, the son of Emerich (Imre) Kardos and Leontine Wolf. He had four siblings: Margit (1911 or 1912), Edith (1913), Hans (later: Gershon Yaron) (1921) and Mara Angelica (1926). Ernst's father fought in the infantry in the Austrian army during WW1 and died in 1934 when Ernst was 18 years old. Ernst's mother died a year later in 1935.
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Kardos, Hans
|
29.11.1921 |
Hans Kardos (later: Gershon Yaron) was born in Vienna on November 29, 1921, the son of Emerich Kardos and Leontine Wolf. He had four siblings: Margit (1912), Edith (1913), Ernest (later Dan Yaron)(1916), and Mara (Angelica Kip) (1926).
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Kaufmann, Leo
|
12.9.1912 |
Leo Arje Kaufmann was born September 12, 1912, in Hamborn, the son of Max (Meschulim) Kaufmann and Ida (Jitte), née Haber. Leo had seven siblings: one brother, Samuel (1910), and six sisters: Sara (1911), twins Peril and Mirjam (both died as infants), Charlotte (1915), Esther (Erna)(1916), and Selma (1917).
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Mohl, Ernst
|
1909 |
Ernst Mohl (or Mol?) (later: Raphael Mohl) was born in Germany in 1909, the son of Hermann Mohl. He had (at least) one sibling, a sister.
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Oppenheimer, Jacob
|
Frankfurt am Main |
Jacob Oppenheimer came to Holland in 1936 from Frankfurt am Main.
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Schwarz, Hertha Helena
|
8.8.1910
Bonn |
Hertha Helene Schwarz was born August 8, 1910, in Bonn, the daughter of Emil Schwarz, from Wallhausen, and Jetta (Henriette) Weber, from Bonn. She had five siblings: Erich Emil (1905), Hildegard (1906), Irmgard (1907), Arthur (ca 1911), and Werner Egon (1918). Her mother died in 1931.
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Seinfeld, Philip
|
4.4.1920
Vienna |
Philip Seinfeld (Pinchas Seinfeld) was born April 4, 1920, in Vienna, the son of Leon Leib Seinfeld, a merchant and hat maker originally from Stanislau, and Josephine, née Deak, a milliner from Vienna. Philip had three brothers: Hermann (1910), Egon (1912) and Isidore (1922), and three sisters: Regine (1917), Hanna (1918) and Rosi (1929).
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Waller, Heinz
|
21.05.1920
Schwiebus, Germany |
Heinz Waller (later: Haim Waller) was born on May 21, 1920, in Schwiebus, a small town East of Berlin, (now Świebodzin, Poland), the son of Sally Waller, from Cologne, and Rosa née Blumenthal, from Samotschin (now Szamocin, Poland). He had one brother, Herbert (1912).
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Weinberg, Lutz
|
26.05.1920
[ Berlin ] |
Ludwig (Lutz) Weinberg (later: Dan Karmi) was born on May 26, 1920, in Berlin, the son of Fritz Weinberg, from Breslau, and Hedwig Brandt, from Berlin. He had one sister, Liselotte. His father died in 1937 when Lutz was not yet 17.
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Julius, Hans
|
Hans Julius (or Juius Hans?) is mentioned by Heinz (Haim) Waller as a friend from the Hoek Van Holland refugee camp who also came to Israel on the Dora. |
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Sterberg, Riemann
|
Sterberg Riemann (or Riemann Sterberg? Sternberg?) is mentioned by Heinz (Haim) Waller as a friend from the Hoek Van Holland refugee camp who also came to Israel on the Dora. |
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Kerner, Arthur
|
Arthur Kerner is mentioned by Heinz (Haim) Waller as a friend from the Hoek Van Holland refugee camp who also came to Israel on the Dora. |
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Ronis, Max
|
Max Ronis is mentioned by Heinz (Haim) Waller as a friend from the Hoek Van Holland refugee camp who also came to Israel on the Dora. |
List 4: Additional passengers who boarded in Antwerp - not on the Antwerp list
The Antwerp list, which seems to have been compiled by the Belgian authorities, was assumed to be comprehensive. At least one passenger, Ilse Neurath, is assumed to have boarded the Dora from Antwerp with her husband Artur Neurath. While his name is on the Antwerp list, her name is not.
| Name | D.O.B | Bio |
Neurath, Ilse
|
[25.06.1907]
[Hamborn] |
Ilse Neurath (née Kaufmann) was born on June 25, 1907, in Bruckhausen, Dinslaken, near Hamborn* (now Duisburg), the daughter of Isidor Kaufmann, a merchant originally from Bad Münstereifel, and Selma (née Löwy), from Beuthen. She had two siblings, Edith Ester (1905), and Gunter.
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List 5: Additional passengers who boarded either in Amsterdam or Antwerp (and don't appear on any list)
The following passengers are known to have been on the Dora, but there is no information regarding their place of departure.
| Name | D.O.B Place of Birth |
Bio |
Brandt, Lutz
1940s
|
14.3.1921
Germany |
Lutz Brandt (later: Shaul Bar Neta) was born on March 14, 1921, the son of David and Margareta Brandt.
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Erster, Oskar
|
22.11.1903
Nowosielec, Galicia (Poland) |
Oskar Erster (later: Yaakov Erster) was born in Nowosielec, Galicia, on November 22, 1903, the son of Abel Erster (from Bolechow, Galicia) and Miriam Ginzberg. He was the youngest of thirteen children.
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Jacob, Johanna
|
05.07.1924
Berlin |
Johanna Jacob (later: Hannah Katz) was born on July 5, 1924, in Berlin, the daughter of Ludwig Jacob - presumably Louis Jacob, from Kempen, Posen (now Kepno, Poland).
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Melamed, Zeev (Willy)
|
26.06.1907
Łańcut, Poland |
Wolf Willi Melamed (later: Zeev Melamed) was born on June 26, 1907, in Lancut, (Landshut, Austria-Hungary, later: Łańcut, Poland), the son of Mordechai Markus Melamed, a merchant from Dynów, Austrian Galicia (now Poland), and Chaya Lea Oster, from Lancut. He had two siblings: Israel (1892), and Ester (later Ester Adele Freier) (1901).
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Perlmutter, Monio
|
Nahum (Monio) Perlmutter (later: Nahum Perlmutter) was born in Poland, but lived with his family in Vienna as a baby and grew up there. He was married to Malka Perlmutter, another passenger on the Dora. Sources: |
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Perlmutter, Malka Emilia
|
Amalia (Malka) Perlmutter (née Bogomilny) was born in Poland and immigrated to Vienna with her family when she was a child. She was married to Nahum (Monio) Perlmutter, another passenger of the Dora, and was in the first months of her pregnancy when she immigrated for Israel. She had at least one son. Sources: |
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Shtenzig Kushnerov, Rachel
|
Germany |
Member of Habonim. Sources: Note: "Rachel Shtenzig Kushnerov" is a spelling approximation of שטנציג קושנרוב רחל |
Zamiri (?), Moshe
|
Sources: |
List 6: Names of People from the Amsterdam list who didn't board the Dora
Four names on the handwritten list titled "Dat Waarez - left on the Dora" are crossed out. All belonged to the Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz in Beverwijk. It is not clear why their names appear on the list, which was presumably created after the Dora had departed, yet are crossed out. It is assumed that they were had planned to leave on the Dora but did not for unknown reasons. Their fate is unknown.
| Name | Pioneer Organization | D.O.B | Bio |
|
Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
||
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk | ||
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Mizrachi Kibbutz Dat veEretz, Beverwijk Vereeniging "Dat Waarez" (Bachad) Amsterdam Beverwijk: Velsen-Noord |
16.7.17
Lodz Polish |
Hanna Rubinstein was born in Lodz on July 16, 1917. She resided in Lübeck then moved to Breslau in January 1936. At the time of the departure of the Dora in July 1939, she lived in Amsterdam on Weesperplein 1. This was the location for "De Joodsche Invalide", the Jewish nursing home. It is presumed that she was working there at the time. Nothing more is known about Hanna Rubinstein. On March 1, 1943, all patients and staff of the nursing home were deported. However, her name doesn't appear on lists of Shoah victims.
Sources: |
List 7: People who planned to board the Dora
According to some of the organizers, the Dora was supposed to pick up another 100 passengers from Le Havre in France. Aside from a couple of brief mentions, there are no details about the composition or the size of such group, their location, or their eventual fate.
It is of course impossible to know how many people wanted to board the Dora but were not able to secure a place. We know however of two stories
| Name | Pioneer Organization | D.O.B | Bio | ||
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Sophie Charlotte (Lotte) Wald (later: Nira Schnurmann) was born February 17, 1916, in Bochum, the daughter of Richard Wald and Isabella (Ilse, Elsa) Willstaedt. She attended the Jägerslust Hachshara in Flensburg. Following the November Pogrom (Kristallnacht), she came to the Netherlands in February 1939 with her husband Heinrich Spittel. There would pursue individual Aliyah training with Hechalutz. On the train on her way to the Netherlands, she met people who would sail on the Dora: Eva Hirsh (Chava Wolff), Kurt Nattenheimer (Aricha Netta), and Rosel Birnbrey (Rachel Sharon) She very much wanted to go on the Dora but she was not selected. She may instead have been slated to go with the next trip of the Dora that never happened due to the onset of the war. Unable to leave the Netherlands, she would eventually be deported to Auschwitz in September 1943, from there to Birkenau, Bergen-Belsen, and finally in January 1945 to the Salzwedel forced labor camp. She survived two years in the camps and finally made Aliyah aboard the illegal ship "Tel Hai" in March 1946. The ship was intercepted by the British and was towed to Haifa. After two weeks in the Atlit camp, she joined the members of Kibbutz Galed. Sources: |
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Windmuller, Max
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The Deventer Society |
7.02.1920
Emden |
Max Windmüller was born February 7, 1920, in Emden, Germany, the son of Moritz Windmüller, a butcher and cattle dealer, and Jette Windmüller (née Seligmann), He had four siblings: Salomon (1910), Isaac (1915), Ruth (1923) and Emil (1924). He was named Max after his father's brother who had died in World War I. After the German authorities had withdrawn their father's business license, the family fled to the Netherlands in 1933. While in Groningen, Max and his brother Isaak Windmuller joined a group that organized the emigration of young people to Palestine, and Isaak became the leader of this group, while Max completed his agricultural training on a farm near Assen in preparation for emigration to Palestine. Their father Moritz Windmüller died in May 1937 in Groningen. Max had planned to sail to Eretz Israel on the Dora with his brother Isaac. Already on board, he was persuaded by Ru Cohen, the organizer of the training for Palestine pioneers, to return ashore: he was to continue to help build the Hachshara, which brought young Jews from Germany and Austria to Palestine on Dutch farms. Max let himself be talked into staying in the Netherlands to help guide the Palestine pioneers. Max was interned in the Westerbork transit camp in early 1942, from where he escaped [Other sources have August 1943; He would have escaped two days later in a laundry van]. Later that year he joined the Westerweel resistance group of Joop Westerweel, which helped save almost 400 Jews. Max Windmüller was actively involved in the escape route from Holland across the Pyrenees to Spain that the Westerweel group organized for Palestine pioneers. It is believed that he helped smuggle and save about 100 young Jews, including his own brother Emil. He was betrayed and arrested by the Gestapo in Paris in July 1944. Deported to Buchenwald in August that year, he was shot by a guard during the death march to Dachau on April 21, 1945, one day before the column of prisoners were to be liberated by the US army, and two weeks before the end of the war. Sources: |
50th Anniversary
In 1989, former passengers of the Dora gathered to celebrate the 50th anniversary of their Aliyah.
50th Anniversary of the Dora
From the collection of Amnon Rimon
50 years ago, on a single day, a group of about 50 people left the Werkdorp in order to reach what was then Palestine "illegally" and on adventurous routes on the Dora, under the nose of the English Mandate government! In retrospect, this was literally the last moment to escape Nazi hell before war broke out.
The time we were in the Werkdorp shaped our youth and was decisive for many of us on the rest of our lives, wherever they settled afterwards. The Dutch government gave us asylum for a while & the opportunity to just learn. We have not forgotten the Dutch people, and we still owe them thanks and sympathy to this day. Personal relationships and friendships among us also last to this day.
We also want to commemorate those who were not as fortunate as we were and fell victim to Nazi terror during World War II.
This year's anniversary is a celebration for all of us. Let's enjoy it to the fullest!
- Special thanks to the following researchers:
- Chaya Brasz, Former Director of the Center for Research on Dutch Jewry, Ben-Zion Dinur Institute for Research in Jewish History, for graciously allowing me to post a translation of her article on the Dora, which marked the beginning of this project.
- Contact: chayabrasz@gmail.com
- Rina Offenbach, Director BeNetivei Haapalah, Illegal immigrant database and information center, Atlit Detention Camp, Israel, for sharing the original Amsterdam passengers lists, and for her help over the years.
- Janiv Stamberger, for sharing the Antwerp passengers list. (Source: The Foreign Police in Belgium ARA; Foreign Police files, A177.761).
- Bernd Philipsen, for the trove of contemporary press articles about the Dora, and for his never-ending help and support.
- Franz-Josef Wittstamm for providing biographical information about 40 passengers through his site: spurenimvest.de, and for his translation help. (2022)
- Knut Bergbauer, for providing information on Martin Grünpeter, Manfred Israel, Peter Kornicker (Dan Karni) and Benno Teichmann.
- Jaap W. Focke, for sharing the story of Cirl Fradel Hoffnung and Bernard Färber.
- Miriam Keesing, for sharing the story of Walter Henle, a previously undocumented passenger of the Dora, and for sharing the registers of the Lloyd Hotel which included the departure card of another undocumentated passenger, Philip Seinfeld. I am especially grateful for her transcription and translation of Eduard Leefsma's correspondance.
- Ariane Zwiers and Anton Kras from Joods Cultureel Kwartier for graciously sharing oral interviews of former passengers by Lilian Peters.
- Lilian Peters for her invaluable interviews of Dora passengers.
- Yvonne Löken, a teacher from the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium in Landshut, Germany, for providing information on Kurt Roer as part of a student project.
- Heike Biskup from Stadtarchiv Bottrop, for sharing the story of Walter Krauthammer.
- Michael Ströder, for providing information about Max Spatz and connecting with me R.S., a volunteer from "Giving a Face to the Fallen". (December 2023. Contact: michael.stroeder [at] web.de)
- "Giving a Face to the Fallen" (latetpanim.org.il), for sharing a wealth of information on Max Spatz and Oskar (Yehoshua) Spuch; alerting me about a previoulsy unknown passenger, Heinz (Haim) Frohmann; sharing valuable information about another POW, Siegfried Elsoffer, and for constant help and support. (via R.S. December 2023-May 2024).
- Rod Miller from mappingthelives.org for answering my many queries.
- Saskia Sluiter for kindly sharing her book on Kibbutz Beverwijk, and sharing precious information about several passengers: Gerda Spitzer Cohn, Justus Hartog Cohen, Hijman Bekker (2024).
- Jarno Maertens, Kazerne Dossin Archivist, for providing details on the fate of the Alfred Storch, Hillel Storch's son. (July 2024)
- Very special thanks to the following people who shared the stories of their relatives:
- Myriam Daru, for information on her relative Walter Brück (David Barkai) (2018).
- Annette Jonas Galula, for kindly sharing the transcript of her uncle Gershon (Gerhard) Jonas' memories of his passage to Palestine on the Dora (2018), and providing detailed information about his parents (2024).
- Marcelle Zion, for sharing the story of her uncle Fritz Cosmann (2020).
- Steven Kahn, for information on his first cousin once removed Siegbert Kahn (Simcha Cohen) (2019).
- Shlomit Proter, for information on Hermann (Benno) Proter (2020).
- Henny Houweling-Zwart, for information on Hertha Helena Schwarz and Schulim Friedmann (2018).
- Mimi Premo, for kindly sharing the stories of Siegfried ("Friedel") Elsoffer and Regina ("Gina") Merkel (née Milgram) (2020).
- Jon Griver, for sharing the story of his father, Norris Griver. (2021)
- Samuel Katz, for sharing the story of his mother Hannah Katz (Johanna Jacob), who most likely boarded the Dora as an orphan refugee at the age of fifteen (April 2021).
- Naomi Clayden for providing additional information about her aunt Eva Lesser. (2022)
- Noam Ben-Avram, for sharing the story of his father Bruno Abramczyk (April 2022).
- Amnon Rimon, for sharing the story of his father Shlomo (Ewald) Sondheimer and for highlighting the lifelong friendship between his father and several members of the Werkdorp Wieringermeer who came on the Dora. In addition, Rimon shared several valuable documents: the invitation to the 50th anniversary of the Dora, and the 1983 list of former chalutzim from Werkdorp Wieringermeer which includes information on several passengers of the Dora. (2022).
- Chaja Kaufmann, for sharing the story of her father, Leo Kaufmann. (2023).
- Sarah Fliehs, for sharing the richly detailed memoirs from her grandfather's brother, Haim (Heinz) Waller. (2023).
- Michael Naveh, the son of Adelheid Struck (Wangenheim), who confirmed her presence on the Dora.
- Saskia Appel, grandniece of Malka Admon, who shared information about three passengers of the Dora: Wilhelmina van Dam (Chambon) (Malka Admon), Jakob Roodveldt (Yacov Admon), and Mietje Roodveldt. (December 2023)
- Batsheva Ben-Amos, the daughter of Shmuel Spiegel, who shared the story of her father and of her relatives. (January 2024)
- Ora Benami, the daughter of Nirah Schnurmann (Lotte Wald), who shared her mother's extraordinary memoir, provided information on Zvi Avnon (Herbert Loewenstein), retrieved documents about the Dora and its passengers from Kibbutz Gal'ed archives, and helped me connect with descendants of passengers from Kibbutz Gal'ed. (January 2024)
- Tali Avnat, granddaughter of Robert Mainzer (Omri Mainzer) who provided additional information about his family and his life. (2024)
- Eltsafan Tovia, grandson of Issy Yitzhak Hirsch, who shared additional information about his grandfather. (2024)
- Avigdor Hirsch, son of Issy Yitzhak Hirsch, who shared additional details about his father. (2024)
- Amy Milich, niece of Moshe Milich, who provided information about her uncle and his family. (2024)
- Additional thanks:
- Erik Post, for translating Chaya Brasz's Dora article
- Liron Katz, for translating Hillel Yarkoni's article
- Cor Bart, for identifying the location of the youth group dancing the hora in the Assumburg Castle in Heemskerk
- Online Resources (Dora):
- www.palyam.org: Yoel Golomb's recollections
- maapilim.org.il: Yekutiel Fekete's reminiscences on the 50th anniversary of the Dora
- The Dora - The story of the illegal immigrant ship.(Hebrew) Sfinot maapilim me'alef ad tav. Tel Aviv, 2005.
- www.ioh.co.il: De reis met de Dora, een wrakke schuit met slavenruimen (Dutch). Abridged version of Chaya Brasz' "Dodenschip Dora" article.
- maapilim.org.il : Story of the Dora (Hebrew)
- maapilim.org.il: Story of the Dora by Raphael Kochavi (Hebrew)
- maapilim.org.il: Partial list of Dora passengers (Hebrew)
- Palyam.org: Ha'Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet
- www.wertheimer.info: Wertheimer Haapalah Project
- paulsilverstone.com: Aliyah Bet Project
- www.turkusteamers.com: Purchase of the Dora
- info.palmach.org.il: Fate of Tzvi Spector and Amiram Shochat
- Online Resources (Hachsharot and Jewish Organizations):
- hachschara.juedische-geschichte-online.net: Grüsen Hachshara (Kibbuz HagShamah)
- de.wikipedia.org (List of German Hachsharot)
- oorlogsdodendinkelland.nl: Palestine-pioneers in the municipality of Weerselo
- hoorlogsdodendinkelland.nl: Palestine pioneers in the municipality of Weerselo (PDF)
- "Be Strong and Brave! A small youth movement in a sea of history. The Hashomer Hatzair Antwerp (1920-1948)". . Master thesis History Department University of Ghent 2012-2013. ( PDF )
- Offline References:
- Dodenschip Dora; Een oude kolenboot redde honderden Joden ondanks Nederlandse tegenwerking. , Vrij Nederland, May 1, 1993.
- Haapala - Clandestine Immigration, 1931-1948. , Ministry of Defence Publishing House and IDF Museum. English edition: 1987.
- The Gate Breakers. , Herzl Press/Sharon Books/Thomas Yoseloff, 1963.
- Het Joodse werkdorp in de Wieringermeer 1934-1941. , De Walburg Pers, 1983.
- Machseh Lajesoumim; A Jewish Orphanage in the City of Leiden 1890-1943 (pages 221-222). library.oapen.org, www.aup.nl , Amsterdam University Press, 2021.
- The Ambiguity of Virtue: Gertrude van Tijn and the fate of the Dutch Jews. , Harvard University Press, 2014.
- "From Lioness: Golda Meir and the Nation of Israel". , Schocken, 2017.
- "Berlin - Palästina und zurück. Erinnerungen". , Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1989.
- "Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany". , Brandeis University Press, 2001.
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My mother had been offered a place on a ship after her parents had been expelled to Poland (this could have been as early as December 1938), but there had been multiple, seemingly endless, delays. She went into hiding with friends and neighbors for three to four months, waiting for a departure date. At last, she received the signal to leave and headed for Belgium. Being "stateless", she could not get a visa, and could only cross borders illegally. I used to picture her walking through the border at night with the help of a guide, but she most likely went not alone but with a group of chalutzim. Another Dora passenger, Charlotte Staendig (later Yael Neuhaus), described how she came to Belgium. From Urfeld, a village located about 50 kms (30 miles) from the Belgian border, she was taken along with a group of about ten people in a tarpaulin-covered truck to Antwerp. She noted that "the road to the Belgian port was smooth, oiled with bribes." I assume that my mother's path followed a similar route. She then spent one month in Belgium waiting for the Dora to arrive.